Re-Thinking Mode 2 Knowledge Production

Abstract

　This paper offers a reflection on the Gibbons-Nowotony notion of ‘Mode 2 knowledge production.’ Firstly this paper reviews the criticisms against Mode 2 and points out that these criticisms mainly focus on the transformation of Mode 1 science rather than Mode 2 knowledge production. Secondly this paper analyzes Mode 2 knowledge production using the framework of Post-Normal Science and finds out that Mode 2 knowledge production is professional consultancy or post-normal science. Thirdly Mode 2 knowledge production for innovation has to establish new methodology for innovation. Finally I argue that The New Production of Knowledge is still worth reading in Japan for judging the situation of innovation system of Japan.