セレウコス朝及びアルシャク朝支配下のバビロニアにおける将軍職

抄録

Cuneiform texts recently published in ADRTB 1-3 (A. J. Sachs & H. Hunger [eds.], Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts from Babylonia, Vols. 1-3, Wien, 1988-1996) consist of contemporary and continuous records not only of astronomical data but also of historical events in Achaemenid, Seleucid and early Aršakid Babylonia (Akkad).
The aim of the present paper is to clarify the functions of three types of generals who often appear in descriptions of historical events in the “Diaries” under Seleucid (305/4-141/0 B. C.) and early Aršakid (141/0-61/0 B. C.) rule: “the General (of Akkad)”: LB ^lúGAL ú-qu/ú-qa or ^lúGAL ERÍN-ni/ERÍN^meš (^kurURI^ki); “the General who is above the Four Generals”: LB ^lúGAL ERÍN^meš šá ana UGU 4 ^lúGAL ERÍN^meš (with variants); and “the Chief of the Troops”: LB ^lúGAL. GAL ú-qa-a-nu/ú-qa-an. It is probable that each of these posts was occupied by only one person at any given time.
The conclusions drawn in the paper may be summarised as follows:
1) The army commander in Seleucid and Aršakid Babylonia was “the General (of Akkad), ” at least until the first appearance of the title “the Chief of the Troops.” The corresponding official title in Greek seems to be στρατηγóς. The post was below that of “the General above the Four Generals” which is probably to be equated with “the Satrap of the East” (probably corresponding, in turn, to Gk. ο επι των ανω σατραπειων) of the Seleucid kingdom. One variant of the title for the latter “the General of Akkad who is above the Four Governors, ” indicates that this official controlled a number of provinces, because the word “Governor (LB ^lúmu-ma-'i-ir/^lúGAL. UKKIN)” here no doubt corresponds to the Gk. σατραπης, the “governor” of a province (e. g. Babylonia), whereby the “Four Generals/Governors” will be the “Generals/Governors” of the provinces in the Seleucid East. The variant “the General of Akkad who is above the Four Governors/Generals” probably shows that “the General above the Four Generals” sometimes doubled as “General (of Akkad).”
2) Under Aršakid rule, some Seleucid official posts (“General [of Akkad], ” “General above the Four Generals, ” “Governor, ” etc.) were preserved, but the territory controlled by “the General above the Four Generals” was probably limited only to Babylonia. One variant of the title “(Who is) above the Four Generals of Akkad” appears in 141/0 and 133/2 B. C. (used on the latter occasion in the translation of royal correspondence!) We cannot, however, find any instances in the “Diaries” where there were more than two “generals” exercising their authority concurrently in Babylonia, so that “of Akkad” in the title seems to have been added only to indicate the location of the territory and the title most probably does not reflect the actual state of affairs.
3) Between 119/8 and 112/1 B. C., the post of “the Chief of the Troops” was established replacing that of “the Satrap of the East.” The bearer of this office probably exercised both military and judicial power either over Babylonia or a number of provinces including Babylonia, since in 91/0 B. C. an official whose title