Many materials are often observed to fail in a longitudinal splitting mode under far-field compressive loading with weak lateral confinement. An energy-based model is developed based on the principle of minimum potential energy and the evaluation of effective properties to obtain an analytical approximation to the critical stress for longitudinal splitting under compression in materials with a given microstructure. The analyticestimate for the compressive strength is used to illustrate its dependence on micromechanical properties and lateral confining pressure. The predictions of the model show good agreement with available experimental data.