Age-related Changes and Sex Differences in Postural Control Adaptability in Children during Periodic Floor Oscillation with Eyes Closed

Abstract

We investigated age-related changes and sex differences in adaptability of anticipatory postural control in children. Subjects comprised 449 children (4–12 years old) and 109 young adults (18–29 years old). Subjects stood with eyes closed on a force-platform fixed to a floor oscillator. We conducted five trials of 1-minute oscillation (0.5 Hz frequency, 2.5 cm amplitude) in the anteroposterior direction. Postural steadiness was quantified as the mean speed of the center of pressure in the anteroposterior direction (CoPy). In young adults, CoPy speed decreased rapidly until the third trial for both sexes. Adaptability was evaluated by changes in steadiness. The adaptability of children was categorized as “good,” “moderate,” and “poor,” compared with a standard variation of the mean CoPy speed regression line between the first and fifth trials in young adults. Results were as follows: (1) anticipatory postural control adaptability starts to develop from age 6 in boys and 5 in girls, and greatly improves at age 7–8 in boys and 6 in girls; (2) the adaptability of children at age 11–12 (74% of boys and 63% of girls were categorized as “good”) has not yet reached the same level as for young adults; (3) the adaptability at age 11–12 for girls is temporarily disturbed due to early puberty.