高島平三郎における体育の基盤的論理の探求

抄録

In this paper, we try to examine the places and the meanings of physical education in discourses of education clued by the term of ‘tai-iku (physical education)’ in “ New discourse of pedagogy” proposed by Heizaburo Takashima.
Heizaburo Takashima(1865-1946) was a prominent advocate of physical education (P.E.) in the latter part of the Meiji era of Japan. As meanings of P.E. has changed since its importation, to trace its process of changing we should not overlook him. But attempts to read his books so far are not sufficiently to be comprehended. The present paper attempts to clarify the meaning of the term ‘tai-iku’ (physical education) and find its theoretical places and importance in his discussions of education relatively.
Firstly, we brought his main work of P.E. “Principles of physical education” (1904) into focus to clarify meanings of the term ‘tai-iku’. This has two meanings that are to cultivate the physical, and to bring up the intellectual and the moral. Secondly, from the contexts we extracted the fundamental theory on which the meanings is based. This theory is of education. But in his “principles”, his discussion of education was not developed enough. So finally, shifting object of examination to his work of education “New discourse of pedagogy” (1901), we confirmed the meanings of ‘tai-iku’ and examined his arguments about the relations between ‘tai-iku’ and education.
Meanings which Takashima brought out are two meanings of P.E.. One is to educate human body based on Spencer’s educational theory (called ‘san-iku’ in Japan). The other is the methodological concept that means to educate the intellectual and the moral based on his theory of the body-mind relationship. Both contribute to character building, which is the general purpose of education, in each ways. Therefore, according to his “New discourse of pedagogy”, ‘tai-iku’ is a result deduced from his discussion about education, namely it is a part of his thought of education.
Moreover, ‘Tai-iku’ as an ideal phase backs up the importance of existence of ‘gymnastics’ as a subject in the educational system, and works as the critical point of view of it. So, ‘Tai-iku’ in takashima’s logic is an ideal which guides practices in the field of education.