In Situ/ Operando Observations for Solution Species and Solid-State-Batteries by Using a Laboratory-Based X-ray Photoelectron Spectrometer

Abstract

X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), which can analyze elemental compositions and chemical states of sample surfaces, has been applied to in situ and operando observations for energy devices including secondary batteries, especially at synchrotron radiation facilities. This paper reports the results of in situ observations of solution species and operando measurements of all-solid-state batteries using a laboratory-based XPS apparatus.