Abstract
FE models for pedestrian dummy and human knee joints were subjected to 4-point bending simulations in valgus bending. Failure threshold for each ligament of the dummy was estimated from the correlation between the dummy and human models. The maximum tensile force for each ligament of the dummy obtained from full-scale impact simulations using a full-body dummy FE model and vehicle FE models with different front shapes was normalized by the threshold. The results were compared with the distribution of observed injuries from published full-scale car-pedestrian impact experiments using human subjects and similar cars to validate the estimated thresholds.
