Abstract
A human whole body FE model with muscular solid elements, which can represent 3-D geometry of each muscle and stiffness change of the muscle for inputted muscle activation, was applied to sedan-to-pedestrian impact analyses. After the model without muscle activations was validated against cadaver test data of sedan-to-pedestrian impacts, we investigated how muscle activations of a pedestrian in bracing conditions just before crashes would affect the kinematics and injuries of the pedestrian during sedan-to-pedestrian impacts.
