Abstract
The Boussinesq approximation for flow calculation is invalid in the case of snow drift and avalanches, in which the density of snow particles is appreciably larger than that of air. The formulation of κ-ε turbulence model for the solid-fluid two-phase flow considering the density variation is presented. The model is applied to sediment-laden streams. It is shown that the model explains well the experimental data. The model calculations for the snow drift in the cases of the slope angle of 0° and 30°, respectively, are carried out. As the bed concentration of snow particles is larger, the velocity is considerably larger in case of 30°. The Boussinesq approximation is inadequate, when the near bed concentration becomes larger than 0.03% for snow drift.
