AN APPLICATION OF A 3D-MANIFOLD DESIGN MODEL TO CIVIL ENGINEERING STRUCTURES TAKING INTO ACCOUNT THE CURVATURE OF THE EARTH

Abstract

  A paper-based drafting model for general civil engineering structures is able to show properly the intent of the design using design parameter. Coordinate data of paper-based drafting is not, however, able to be recreated in an actual data because expressible accuracyis limited by scale size. As such, it is necessary for coordinates of perpendicular plane coordinate system to adjust the scale size due to the curvature of the earth and to compensate projection due to difference oftheelevation.However,these adjustmentsarenotabletoimprove accuracybeyondascaleof 10,000:1. Additionally, these adjustments are not able to accurately recreate coordinates perpendicular to the earth’s axis of gravity because the origin of the plane perpendicular coordinate system is in a fixed location.
  This paper shows that a 3D-manifold design model of civil design structures that assumes a point of origin in the center of the earth is able to use 3 dimensional orthogonal coordinate system on the surface of the earth which is perpendicular to axis of gravity at anypoint. Further, this model is able to reducing errors due to differences in length between the design and actual measurements. Therefore, the 3D-manifold design model presented in this paper is able to be used as a universal design concept.