Strain amplitude dependent cyclic plasticity of SUS316L under room temperature is investigated experimentally and theoretically. Tension-compression cyclic loading tests at a constant strain rate with three different strain amplitudes show that cyclic hardening and softening behavior depends on the strain amplitude. A modified macroscopic constitutive model describes the experimental results successfully. Dislocation structure images observed by using transmission electron microscope (TEM) are evaluated qualitatively and quantitatively. A relationship between material parameters in the model and the evolution of dislocation structure is discussed.