2026 Volume 25 Pages 22-30
This study was performed to examine the effects of frictionless skin surface cleansing methods and the difference in skin cleansing levels among the methods. We used three methods to clean the forearms of 24 healthy males and females and compared the results with those obtained with a conventional bed bath. The frictionless methods included cleansing with a towel that was pushed against the skin surface, cleansing with hot water, and cleansing with bubbles. We used adenosine triphosphate (ATP) testing (the A3 test) to evaluate the cleansing of the skin surface. The ATP levels significantly decreased after cleansing with any of these methods relative to the levels measured before cleansing. There was no difference in the ATP levels after cleansing or in the rate of decline of ATP among the methods. The three frictionless methods may therefore have cleansing effects that are equivalent to a bed bath.
