Migraine treatment with non–invasive neuromodulation

Abstract

Non–invasive neuromodulation devices for migraine have been launched recently, such as external trigeminal nerve stimulation (eTNS), non–invasive vagal nerve stimulation (nVNS), and single–pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (sTMS). These devices have been well–studied in the randomized sham–controlled pivotal trials or open label studies. In this review, we describe the efficacy of these devices as well as their mechanism of actions and adverse events including our experience with eTNS in Japan.