The Conception of Theory in Horkheimer's Critical Theory

The Social Function of Theoretical Praxis

Abstract

This paper attempts to address the problems arising from the concepts of “determination” and “reflexivity” of social theories by clarifying the concepts in Max Horkheimer's critical theory. The social determination of social theories means that social theories are conditioned by the social positions of the theoreticians. On the other hand, reflexivity of social theories means that society is the object of the influence of theories. When we recognize the social determination and reflexivity in social theories, claims that the theoretical absolute, or the universal validity of social theories exists become something untenable. Horkheimer criticizes theories that strive for the absolute and calls them “traditional theories.” In Horkheimer's critical theory, which takes into account the effects of social determination and reflexivity, theoretical conception is a part of everyday social activity - what I call “theoretical praxis” -and what social theories mean depends on the social function of theoretical praxis. According to Horkheimer, traditional theories tend to reify individuals and society, but critical theory, in contrast, functions to bring about emancipation in its daily practice. The possibilities of social theories that take in the concepts of social determination and reflexivity are demonstrated in Horkheimer's accounts.