Abstract
Since the introduction of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to biology in the late of 1960’s, numerous researchers have studied various preparation techniques suitable for SEM observation of biological samples, including cells and tissues. In this paper, the standard preparation techniques for histology was briefly reviewed and, biological applications of SEM were introduced, especially in relation to the advances in technology of SEM. This paper also showed the recent advances in biological application of low-vacuum SEM, atmospheric SEM, real-time stereoscopic SEM, manipulation SEM, and 3D reconstruction for SEM.
