手技の練習と製図・図形学習を重視する手工教育 : 文部省編纂『小学校教師用手工教科書』にみる教材観の特徴

抄録

In July, 1904, Text Book of Manual Training for the Use of Elementary School Teachers was published for the first time in Japan. This textbook was written by Rokushiro UEHARA and Hidekichi OKAYAMA, and it was only a "state-textbook" for Manual Training of both Ordinary Elementary School Course (the term of study was four years) and Higher Elementary School Course (most of four years). About the lesson plans for these eight grades of the textbook, nevertheless, there are very few research that especially observed studies in four grades of Ordinary Elementary Course, and Grade 1-2 of Higher Elementary Course, and investigated the whole framework of it. The primary purpose of this research, therefore, is to analyze chiefly teaching materials of the textbook, such as products, that were organized in the areas of studies in, from Grade 1 of Ordinary Elementary to Grade 2 of Higher Elementary, six grades, and to clarify the foremost features and significance of the lesson plans of the textbook. It is also necessary that we should examine this in comparison with the educational idea that Rokusiro UEHARA (1848-1913) meditated to Manual Training on, before the textbook was published. Because it has seemed that UEHARA did his part as the leading author of this textbook. The main findings of this research are as follows; 1. This textbook consistently attached importance to primary drawing that was based upon the development of the sense of planes and solids, and the acquirement of the concepts of ones, by means of the formation of the teaching materials that corresponded with the primary fundamental principles of Geometrie Descriptive, through the six grades, from Grade 1 of Ordinary Elementary to Grade 2 of Higher Elementary. 2. This attempt was especially intended to operate in "Arranging Colored Card", "Bean and Bamboo-Cane Working", "Clay Working", "Cutting out Paper", "Card-board Working". 3. It was manual training of elementary schools in France after the latter nineteenth century that suggested to introduce this feature, attaching importance to study the primary drawing, into the textbook. The manual training in France was founded on drawing, too. 4. This (No.3) had very much to do with that UEHARA was proficient in French, and he had professional knowledge of natural science and drawing. 5. We ought not to overlook the significance of the textbook, that is, it attempted to realize the practices of Manual Training that were based on primary drawing, and piled each study up on it, toward senior grades from Grade 1 of Ordinary Elementary Course, in turn.