Blood Supply of the Sinoatrial and Atrioventricular Node Arteries in the Thoroughbred Racehorse

Keiji KIRYU; Takashi NAKAMURA; Noboru MACHIDA; Shin MUKAI

doi:10.11276/jsvc1984.27.60

Keiji KIRYU, Takashi NAKAMURA, Noboru MACHIDA, Shin MUKAI

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Keywords: atrioventricular node artery, horse, internodal conduction system, sinoatrial node artery

JOURNAL FREE ACCESS

1994 Volume 27 Issue 2 Pages 60-69

DOI https://doi.org/10.11276/jsvc1984.27.60

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Published: 1994 Received: November 29, 1994 Available on J-STAGE: September 17, 2009 Accepted: December 09, 1994 Advance online publication: - Revised: -
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Date of correction: September 17, 2009 Reason for correction: - Correction: ABSTRACT Details: Wrong : Postmortem coronary angiography was performed in ten thoroughbred racehorses, and the origin and distribution of the sinoatrial or sinus node (SAN) and atrioventricular node (AVN) arteries (SAN art, AVN art) were subsequently investigated by means of xeroradiography and histological examination. The SANart received a dual blood supply from the atrial branches of the coronary arteries: one origination in the circumflex branch of the left coronary artery, and another in the right coronary artery. Interarterial coronary anastomoses, where these branches communicated with one another, were located in the SAN with the anterolateral free wall of the right atrium. In addition, the atrial branches comprising the SAN art gave off fine branches into the AVN area. The AVN also appeared to be perfused by arterial branches of both the left and right coronary arteries: The AVN art consisted of one of the anterior septal branches of the interventricular paraconal branch of the left coronary artery, and the other two of the posterior septal branches of the circumflex and interventricular subsinusal branches of the right coronary artery, respectively. Including the atrial branch arteries comprising the SAN art, the AVN art with such a triple blood supply seemed to have intercoronar y anastomoses in the AVN. Although no such specific conducting fibers as an internodal tract have been found anywhere, the features of the arteries running through the atria that supply blood to the SAN in the thoroughbred racehorse, seem to resemble those of the internodal conduction system in man.
Right : Postmortem coronary angiography was performed in ten thoroughbred racehorses, and the origin and distribution of the sinoatrial or sinus node (SAN) and atrioventricular node (AVN) arteries (SAN art, AVN art) were subsequently investigated by means of xeroradiography and histological examination. The SAN art received a dual blood supply from the atrial branches of the coronary arteries: one origination in the circumflex branch of the left coronary artery, and another in the right coronary artery. Interarterial coronary anastomoses, where these branches communicated with one another, were located in the SAN with the anterolateral free wall of the right atrium. In addition, the atrial branches comprising the SAN art gave off fine branches into the AVN area. The AVN also appeared to be perfused by arterial branches of both the left and right coronary arteries: The AVN art consisted of one of the anterior septal branches of the interventricular paraconal branch of the left coronary artery, and the other two of the posterior septal branches of the circumflex and interventricular subsinusal branches of the right coronary artery, respectively. Including the atrial branch arteries comprising the SAN art, the AVN art with such a triple blood supply seemed to have intercoronar y anastomoses in the AVN. Although no such specific conducting fibers as an internodal tract have been found anywhere, the features of the arteries running through the atria that supply blood to the SAN in the thoroughbred racehorse, seem to resemble those of the internodal conduction system in man.

Date of correction: September 17, 2009 Reason for correction: - Correction: CITATION Details: Wrong : 1) Tawara, T.: Das Reizleintungssystem des Säugetierherzens. Eine anatomisch-histologische Studie ülber das Atrioventrikularbiindel and die Purkinjeschen Fäden. G. Fisher, Jena, 1906.
2) Keith, A. and M. Flack (1907): The form and nature of the muscular connections between the primary divisions of the vertebrate heart. J. Anat. Physiol., 41, 172-189.
3) Christensen, G. C. (1962): The blood supply to interventricular septum of the heart-A comparative study. Am. J. Vet. Res., 23, 869-874.
4) Bartho, E. and G. Gagnon (1964): A comparative study in three dimensions of the blood supply of the normal interventricular septum in human, canine, bovine, porcine, ovine and equine heart. Dis. Chest., 46, 251-262.
5) Rodriguez, F. L., Robins, S. L. and M. Banasicwicz (1961): The descending sepial artery in human, porcine, equine, ovine, bovine and canine hearts. A postmortem angiographic study. Am. Heart J., 62, 247-259.
6) Bishop, S. P. and C. R. Cole (1967): Morphology of specialized conducting tissue in the atria of the equine heart. Anat. Rec., 158, 401-416.
7) Rowlings, C. A. (1977): Coronary arterial anatomy of the small pony. Am. J. Vet. Res., 38, 1031-1035.
8) Amend, J. F., Garner, H. G. and B. Fichtenbaum (1980): Xeroradiographic observations of coronarial distribution in domestic ponies. Microvasc. Res., 20, 151-155.
9) Kiryu, K., Kaneko, M. and H. Satoh (1977): Cardiopathological observations on histopathogenesis of incomplete atrioventricular block in horses. Jpn. J. Vet. Sci., 39, 425-436.
10) Kiryu, K. (1981): Cardiopathology of Arrhythmias in the horse. Proc. 26th Conv. Am. Assoc. Equine Practitnrs. California, 457-468.
11) Kiryu, K., Kaneko, M., Kanemaru, T., Yoshihara, T., Hasegawa, M. and Y. Tomioka (1985): Cardiopathology of sinoatrial block in horses. Jpn. J. Vet. Sci., 47, 45-54.
12) Amada, A. and K. Kiryu (1987): Atrial fibrillation in the race horse. Heart Vessels. Suppl., 2, 2-6.
13) Kiryu, K., Nakamura, T., Machida, N., Tangiku, M., Kaneko, M., Yoshihara, T. and T. Yamamoto (1991): Cardiopathological changes in racehorses with abrupt deceleration of speed during a race. Jpn. J. Equine. Sci., 2, 21-30.
14) Kiryu, K., Nakamura, T., Kaneko, M., Oikawa, M. and T. Yoshihara (1987): Cardiopathology of sudden cardiac death in the race horse. Heart Vessels. Suppl., 2, 40-46.
16) Izumisawa, N., Machida, N., Kiryu, K., Kitayama, T., Nakamura, T. and T. Suzuki (1994): Blood supply of the sinus node artery in beagle dogs. Heart Vessels, 9, 96-103.
17) Schlesinger, M. J. (1957): New radiopaque mass for vascular injection. Lab. Invest., 6, 1-11. 18) Brascho, D. J. (1963): A technique for postmortem coronary angiography. Am. Heart J., 66, 375-380.
20) Chowdkury, A. K. and A. K. Banerjee (1960): Blood pressure in horse. Indian Vet. J., 37, 341-348.
23) James, T. N.: Anatomy of Coronary Arteries, pp. 51-131, Paul B. Hoeber, New York, 1961.
24) Tsuchiya, G. (1970): Postmortem angiographic studies on the intercoronary arterial anastmoses. Report I. Studies on intercoronary arterial anastomoses in adult human hearts and the influence on the anastomoses of structures of the coronary arteries. Jpn. Circulation J., 34, 1213-1220.
25) James, T. N. (1963): The conducting pathway between the sinus node and the A-V node and between the right and left atrium in the human heart. Am. Heart J., 66, 498-508.
26) Romihilt, D. W., Hackel, D. B. and E. H. Estes (1968): Origin of blood supply to sinoauricular and atrioventricular node. Am. Heart J., 75, 279-280.
27) Nerantzis, C. E., Toutouzas, P. and D. Avgoustakis (1983): The importance of the sinus node artery in the blood supply of the atrial myocardium. Acta. Cardiol., 38, 35-47.
28) James, T. N. (1991): Anatomy of human sinus node. Anat. Rec., 141, 109-131.
29) Anderson, R., Ho, S. Y., Smith, A. and A. E. Becker (1981): The internodal atrial myocardium. Anat. Rec., 201, 75-82.
31) Domenech-Mateu, J. M., Arn-Palou, A. and A. Martinezozo (1991): Study of the development of the atrioventricular conduction system as a consequence of observing an extra atrioventricular node in the normal heart of a human fetus. Anat. Rec., 230, 73-85.

Right : 1) Tawara, T.: Das Reizleintungssystem des Säugetierherzens. Eine anatomisch-histologische Studie ülber das Atrioventrikularbündel and die Purkinjeschen Fäden. G. Fisher, Jena, 1906.
2) Keith, A. and M. Flack (1907): The form and nature of the muscular connections between the primary divisions of the vertebrate heart. J. Anat. Physiol., 41, 172-189.
3) Christensen, G. C. (1962): The blood supply to interventricular septum of the heart-A comparative study. Am. J. Vet. Res., 23, 869-874.
4) Bartho, E. and G. Gagnon (1964): A comparative study in three dimensions of the blood supply of the normal interventricular septum in human, canine, bovine, porcine, ovine and equine heart. Dis. Chest., 46, 251-262.
5) Rodriguez, F. L., Robins, S. L. and M. Banasicwicz (1961): The descending septal artery in human, porcine, equine, ovine, bovine and canine hearts. A postmortem angiographic study. Am. Heart J., 62, 247-259.
6) Bishop, S. P. and C. R. Cole (1967): Morphology of specialized conducting tissue in the atria of the equine heart. Anat. Rec., 158, 401-416.
7) Rowlings, C. A. (1977): Coronary arterial anatomy of the small pony. Am. J. Vet. Res., 38, 1031-1035.
8) Amend, J. F., Garner, H. G. and B. Fichtenbaum (1980): Xeroradiographic observations of coronarial distribution in domestic ponies. Microvasc. Res., 20, 151-155.
9) Kiryu, K., Kaneko, M. and H. Satoh (1977): Cardiopathological observations on histopathogenesis of incomplete atrioventricular block in horses. Jpn. J. Vet. Sci., 39, 425-436.
10) Kiryu, K. (1981): Cardiopathology of Arrhythmias in the horse. Proc. 26th Conv. Am. Assoc. Equine Practitnrs. California, 457-468.
11) Kiryu, K., Kaneko, M., Kanemaru, T., Yoshihara, T., Hasegawa, M. and Y. Tomioka (1985): Cardiopathology of sinoatrial block in horses. Jpn. J. Vet. Sci., 47, 45-54.
12) Amada, A. and K. Kiryu (1987): Atrial fibrillation in the race horse. Heart Vessels. Suppl., 2, 2-6.
13) Kiryu, K., Nakamura, T., Machida, N., Tangiku, M., Kaneko, M., Yoshihara, T. and T. Yamamoto (1991): Cardiopathological changes in racehorses with abrupt deceleration of speed during a race. Jpn. J. Equine. Sci., 2, 21-30.
14) Kiryu, K., Nakamura, T., Kaneko, M., Oikawa, M. and T. Yoshihara (1987): Cardiopathology of sudden cardiac death in the race horse. Heart Vessels. Suppl., 2, 40-46.
16) Izumisawa, N., Machida, N., Kiryu, K., Kitayama, T., Nakamura, T. and T. Suzuki (1994): Blood supply of the sinus node artery in beagle dogs. Heart Vessels, 9, 96-103.
17) Schlesinger, M. J. (1957): New radiopaque mass for vascular injection. Lab. Invest., 6, 1-11.
18) Brascho, D. J. (1963): A technique for postmortem coronary angiography. Am. Heart J., 66, 375-380.
20) Chowdkury, A. K. and A. K. Banerjee (1960): Blood pressure in horse. Indian Vet. J., 37, 341-348.
23) James, T. N.: Anatomy of Coronary Arteries, pp. 51-131, Paul B. Hoeber, New York, 1961.
24) Tsuchiya, G. (1970): Postmortem angiographic studies on the intercoronary arterial anastmoses. Report I. Studies on intercoronary arterial anastomoses in adult human hearts and the influence on the anastomoses of structures of the coronary arteries. Jpn. Circulation J., 34, 1213-1220.
25) James, T. N. (1963): The conducting pathway between the sinus node and the A-V node and between the right and left atrium in the human heart. Am. Heart J., 66, 498-508.
26) Romihilt, D. W., Hackel, D. B. and E. H. Estes (1968): Origin of blood supply to sinoauricular and atrioventricular node. Am. Heart J., 75, 279-280.
27) Nerantzis, C. E., Toutouzas, P. and D. Avgoustakis (1983): The importance of the sinus node artery in the blood supply of the atrial myocardium. Acta. Cardiol., 38, 35-47.
28) James, T. N. (1991): Anatomy of human sinus node. Anat. Rec., 141, 109-131.
29) Anderson, R., Ho, S. Y., Smith, A. and A. E. Becker (1981): The internodal atrial myocardium. Anat. Rec., 201, 75-82.
31) Doménech-Mateu, J. M., Arn-Palou, A. and A. Martinezozo (1991): Study of the development of the atrioventricular conduction system as a consequence of observing an extra atrioventricular node in the normal heart of a human fetus. Anat. Rec., 230, 73-85.

Abstract

Postmortem coronary angiography was performed in ten thoroughbred racehorses, and the origin and distribution of the sinoatrial or sinus node (SAN) and atrioventricular node (AVN) arteries (SAN art, AVN art) were subsequently investigated by means of xeroradiography and histological examination. The SAN art received a dual blood supply from the atrial branches of the coronary arteries: one origination in the circumflex branch of the left coronary artery, and another in the right coronary artery. Interarterial coronary anastomoses, where these branches communicated with one another, were located in the SAN with the anterolateral free wall of the right atrium. In addition, the atrial branches comprising the SAN art gave off fine branches into the AVN area. The AVN also appeared to be perfused by arterial branches of both the left and right coronary arteries: The AVN art consisted of one of the anterior septal branches of the interventricular paraconal branch of the left coronary artery, and the other two of the posterior septal branches of the circumflex and interventricular subsinusal branches of the right coronary artery, respectively. Including the atrial branch arteries comprising the SAN art, the AVN art with such a triple blood supply seemed to have intercoronar y anastomoses in the AVN. Although no such specific conducting fibers as an internodal tract have been found anywhere, the features of the arteries running through the atria that supply blood to the SAN in the thoroughbred racehorse, seem to resemble those of the internodal conduction system in man.

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