Abstract
Changes in the modern times have become increasingly apparent since around 2010. Developed
countries can no longer anticipate the same economic growth they have enjoyed so far, and emerging
countries are developing. These trends have drawn attention to the finite nature of resources, while
climate change and environmental destruction continue to accelerate. Against this background, increasing
emphasis is being placed on the ideal state of well-being among citizens in contrast to simple economic
growth. The themes of dematerialism and degrowth are also gaining ground. However, looking back,
starting from the 1960s, it is possible to identify a focus on welfare and quality of life. The present paper
reviews the history of quantification of desirability, such as welfare, quality of life, standards of living,
enjoyment of life, degree of happiness, and subjective happiness. The author examines the utility of such
quantification for policy making.
Firstly, the recent major trends in degree of happiness are outlined. Secondly, the 1960s rise and
subsequent retreat of the social indicators movement are described, followed by a look at the system of
policy evaluation indicators used in the new public management, which emerged in the 1990s. Thirdly,
trends in current happiness research and how these are connected to policy issues are examined in the
context of the present study. Fourthly, a system of indicators based on subjective criteria is proposed.
Lastly, the connections between Subjective indicators (such as subjective happiness and life satisfaction)
and factors such as people's relationships and the ability to form interpersonal relationships are
illustrated.
