エコノミック・ステイトクラフトの歴史と未来

――メガラ禁輸からＴＰＰまで――

抄録

This article examines the practices and studies of economic statecraft (ESC), which refers to economic means for strategic purposes. The aim is to acquire a broad view of ESC to deepen our understanding of ESC and provide useful suggestions for ESC in the 21st century. ESC has been practiced since ancient times, and many states used it in the 20th century. China’s ESC, based on its massive economic power, is now attracting international attention. However, although various countries have used ESC in various times, comprehensive research of ESC is unexpectedly few. Without grasping the whole picture of ESC, it is difficult for us to understand the true value, usefulness, and implications of each ESC practice or study, and to understand the big picture of ESC, we have to explore the history of ESC.

This article begins by examining past ESC practices. It surveys the diverse techniques, cases, and objectives of ESC and its changing legitimacy. Next, based on the above research, I focus on how previous studies discussed ESC. Third, the article confirms the problems with the ESC (economic engagement) that the West has used toward China for the past twenty years, discussing more useful and appropriate alternatives toward rising China in the 21st century. Finally, the article confirms the pitfalls of ESC studies, summarizing the theoretical and practical implications of its discussion.

Today’s liberal democracies need an alternative and more systematic ESC toward China because the failure of economic engagement is now obvious. It must be the ESC focused on economic order—the gauze curtain, which is different from the iron curtain of the Cold War period and is based on a high-level multilateral free trade agreement, such as the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP).

In today’s global era, the high cost of military means is widely recognized, ESC techniques are expanding thanks to economic globalization, the two major powers—the United States and China—are both outstanding ESC users, and the West wants a new ESC toward China to replace economic engagement. Therefore, ESC bears significant meaning for both practice and research. Traditionally, both policymakers and researchers have considered national security and geopolitics exclusively from the perspective of military means. In the 21st century, however, without the perspective of ESC, they would not be able to fully understand national security and geopolitics.