アメリカの対共産圏禁輸政策と中国貿易の禁止 一九四五-五〇年
冷戦期アメリカ外交の再検討
1982 年 1982 巻 70 号 p. 31-46,L4
詳細
1982 年 1982 巻 70 号 p. 31-46,L4
Despite the large volume of Cold War studies in the United States, aspects other than U. S. -U. S. S. R. relations did not often attract scholars' attention. During the 1970's, however, we find a new trend in works by Gabriel Kolko, Akira Iriye, John Gimbel, and others, all of which emphasize factors besides U. S. -Soviet relations.
This article addresses U. S. export control policy on strategic materials, directed against the Soviet Bloc from 1945 to 1950. Focusing on relations between U. S. export control and aid policies, it asks: how did the United States dominate international relations at that time?
In his “Truman Doctrine, ” President Truman divided the world into two free and subjugated halves. But the “Free World” itself contained the seeds of oppression. Over the matter of export control we find serious conflict between the United States and U. S. aid recipients. The United States urged them to take the U. S. standard of trade control. But, because of their much greater dependence on East-West trade they were very reluctant to do so. What mitigated this conflict was (a) tensions arising from the Soviet atomic bomb explosion and the Korean War, and (b) U. S. threats to terminate aid to the allies.
By using recently declassified American and British records, this article delineates the developmentof U. S export control policy in both Europe and Asia. It consists of four chapters: (1) the origins of U. S. export control policy; (2) the formation of COCOM (the international organization on export control against the Soviet Bloc); (3) the impact of Chinese communism; and (4) the Korean War and the globalization of trade control.
As the activities of COCOM and the United States on export control remain secret, we still do not have accurate knowledge of the matter. The primary sources which this article used help to make clear the activities from 1945-1950. The materials also uncover new facts on the origins of the abnormal state of Sino-Japanese trade after World War II.
