欧州共同体と国民国家体系-マーストリヒト条約と複合統治モデル-

国家主権と国際関係論

抄録

Another distinctive step in the history of the European Community (EC) has been marked by the signing of the Treaty on European Union (Maastricht Treaty) on February 7, 1992. After briefly analyzing the political process to the Maastricht agreement since the coming into force of the Single European Act (SEA) in 1987, this article attempts in the first part to evaluate some major implications of the Maastricht Treaty such as Economic and Monetary Union, Common Foreign and Security Policy, the principle of subsidiarity, etc.
The second part of this article begins by presenting some current theoretical perspectives in the analysis of the new dynamics of the EC, and goes on to introduce a new perspective in the understanding of the current developments in Western Europe. Theorists who reevaluate and modify the integration theories, which had their zenith in the 1960s, and analyze the new dynamics of European integration since the SEA, are not quite successful in understanding the current fundamental changes in the EC Member Countries, because today the western part of Europe is marked not only by integration but also by differentiation. Those who attempt to analyze changes in Europe through the sociocultural aspects, which stress the problems of differentiation, uncover the fundamental problem of multi-identity. But they cannot explain the phenomena of simultaneous development of integration and differentiation in Western Europe and overlook the problem of the eccentric-overlapping governance.
The model of complex governance, which was introduced by Barry Hughes, though already mentioned implicitly by other authors and to some extent adopted in the Maastricht Treaty as the principle of subsidiarity, presents to us an interesting point of view in the understanding of the current problem of integration and differentiation. The complex governance model explains the emergence of multi-tiered and geographically overlapping structures of governance. It argues that concentric and overlapping circles of institutional structure (for example EC, nation states, local governments, transnational organizations, etc.), which vary according to issue area, are functioning for the welfare of individual citizens.
In the third part of this article examples are given to show how complex governance is evolving in Western Europe. This part also considers how the concept of the nation state and that of national sovereignty are changing through the evolving complex governance in Western Europe. As examples the current developments of the post-Maastricht EC, especially Economic and Monetary Union, transborder regional cooperations and the new cooperation between EC and regions are examined.
Although overlapping governance is evolving quietly in several levels of government in Europe, we must recognize it as a sign of further qualitative change of the “nation state system”.