Abstract
The Japanese concept of Kyosei —conviviality, symbiosis, and cohabitation—and its practical applications hold the
promise of addressing both local and global societal challenges. However, in recent decades, it has become evident
that the indiscriminate and vague use of this term can sometimes inadvertently perpetuate issues, disappointing those
who face difficulties in their daily lives. Moreover, the scope of entities envisioned as the objects and subjects of
Kyosei continues to diversify, intensifying the ongoing debate. In light of these complexities, there is an urgent need
to clarify the meaning, characteristics, and evolving trends of Kyosei to foster discussions and practices that
acknowledge the concept's nuanced nature. This paper introduces a Multilayered Kyosei Model that bridges the
Creative Kyosei Model proposed in prior studies with the Kyosei philosophy that has been under active exploration
since the 1980s. First, this paper reaffirms that Kyosei inherently emphasizes the establishment of equal and fair
relationships among diverse entities. Second, to illuminate the challenges to achieving such equality and fairness, it
revises and illustrates the existing Creative Kyosei Model. Thirdly, it delves into early Kyosei philosophies developed
since the 1980s, characterized by a comprehensive perspective that includes the natural environment and non-human entities, and their discussions on practical methods for realizing Kyosei. Subsequently, these philosophies are
categorized into distinct trends: segregation, liberalism, collaboration, and reflective transformation. The paper
outlines the theoretical underpinnings and practical challenges associated with each of these theories, elucidating
their interrelations within the framework of the Multilayered Kyosei Model. Ultimately, it concludes by
highlighting key issues for future discussions concerning the foundational principles of Kyosei studies.
https://ror.org/0197nmd03 
