Integrated Design of Heat Pumps with Electrical and Thermal Storage for Decarbonizing Low-Temperature Industrial Heat

Abstract

This study addresses the decarbonization of low-temperature industrial heat by presenting an integrated framework for heat pumps (HPs) combined with thermal energy storage (TES) and battery energy storage systems (BESS). Using 24-hour empirical data from an automotive coating plant, we demonstrate that low-temperature heat constitutes the majority of total energy demand, and that coupling renewable electricity with HPs while mitigating temporal mismatches through TES and BESS can simultaneously reduce CO₂ emissions and operational costs. The analysis highlights TES as an immediate and highly efficient option, while BESS offers long-term potential for enhancing system flexibility once cost and performance improve. These findings provide practical design principles for scaling low-temperature heat decarbonization from individual factories to industrial parks.