Abstract
Three different situations are simultaneously occurring on two species of bear (Ursus arctos and U. thibetanus) in Japan: superficial range expansion, mass removals in certain years, and an increase in the number of threatened local populations. Evaluation of population viability should be incorporated into management. Management area should be classified into core areas where intensive research should be conducted, and ordinary areas where the results of research will be applied. The introduction of radiotelemetry will also be recommended. Comments on trap arrays were added to improve hair-trap method.
