Abstract
The author discusses the history of Anthropologyin European countries. Based upon this discussion, the author emphasizes his original .viewpoint, which strictly distinguishes Anthropology as a natural science of man from Ethnology as a study of Kulturgeschichte (cultural history). However the author points out the following conclusion. Although the Anthropology traditionally focused its attention merely upon the anthropometry and observation of explicit physical features, this trend was due to general need to describe various peoples in the world, which was felt urgent in the past. Contemporary Anthropology should be based upon the current interest and needs of the world, and should be concerned with the welfare of the human beings. For this reason Anthropology should extend its scope to have ties not only with anatomy as in the past, but also with physiology, biochemistry, etc. As a new system of Anthropology in this direction, the following five branches are proposed.I General Anthropology l) Basic principles and purpose of Anthropology2) History of Anthropology 3) Variation and variability 4) Heredity, influence of outer factors and selection 5) Relation with other primates 6) Chronological and chorological relations of fossil human bones 7) M, ixture and crossing of peoples 8) Gathering, preparation and preservation of specimens II. Anthropomorphology l) Somatology 2) Anthropology of inner soft parts 3) Osteology 4) Body-mutilation, trepanation etc. 5) Violations, Pathological and postmortal changesIII Anthropoergology (derived from Greek word ergon=work) 1) Influence of labour upon the shape of muscles, bones, stature, etc. of living persons. 2) Influence of labour upon the shape of fossil bones 3) Technological development in the Stone Age as seeri through the shape of bones IV. Anthropoecology 1) Influence of natural and social environment upon physical features 2) Study of nutrition 3) Chrono- and Chorological differences on population and duration of life V. Anthropography Description of prehistoric and living peoples
