Gallbladder Adenomyomatosis is Associated with Metabolic Risk Factors, Fatty Liver, and Gallstones in Individuals Subjected to Comprehensive Health Check-ups

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Objective: While gallbladder adenomyomatosis (GA) is generally not considered to have malignant potential, there have been several reports of gallbladder cancer arising in areas of GA. However, an association remains undefined. On the other hand, some investigators have demonstrated a clear association of GA with gallstones. Additionally, recent studies have suggested that there is a relationship between metabolic risk factors and both gallstones and fatty liver, while no studies have investigated whether similar relationships exist with GA. The purpose of our study was to determine whether GA is associated with metabolic risk factors, fatty liver, and gallstones.

Methods: A total of 3,341 subjects (1,807 males and 1,534 females) undergoing comprehensive health check-ups with no history of cholecystectomy, hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, and/or hyperuricemia underwent abdominal ultrasonography. Using univariate and multivariate analyses, parameters associated with GA as well as associations between GA, fatty liver, and gallstones were examined by sex.

Results: Subjects with GA (58 males and 28 females) exhibited significantly worse metabolic parameters compared to those without GA (1,749 males and 1,506 females) in univariate analyses. After adjustments for other factors, age, waist circumference, and smoking habit remained associated with GA in males, while in females, associations with age, body mass index, hemoglobin A1c levels, uric acid, and smoking habit became significant. Furthermore, fatty liver and gallstones remained associated with GA after adjusting for other risk factors.

Conclusion: Our analyses suggest that fatty liver, gallstones, and GA are strongly associated with metabolic risk factors, while GA, is closely related with smoking habit, fatty liver, and gallstones.