Abstract
This study compared mental concentration of ninja as known as Okinaga, with brief mindfulness training, and examined the procedure of Okinaga that can be mastered in community adult and specific clinical groups. Okinaga is considered to be a complex mental concentration combining not only breathing but also several attention-focusing skills. Unique procedures included extreme prolonged breathing, silent breathing, attention to the entire body assuming Qi, and the use of visual imagery in unison with the universe. From brief mindfulness training, the instruction of mindfulness such as “when you notice that your mind is wandering in thought and emotion, bring your attention back to breathing and body sensations.’’ and using audio recordings may be applicable. It was suggested that the addition of the instruction of the mental activity of brief indfulness training to Okinaga breathing as a physical manipulation could effectively acquire “Immovable heart”. “Ninja mindfulness” which added the teaching of the mindfulness to Okinaga procedures was examined.
