2021 年 8 巻 1 号 p. 267-274
A typical teratoid/rhabdoid tumors (AT/RT) are highly malignant embryonal tumors in children that are associated with inactivation of the integrase interactor 1 (INI1) gene. Several adult cases of AT/RT have been reported, which were characterized by the sellar occurrence and predominantly occurred in females with INI1 mutation variants. However, clinical and genetic features are poorly understood in this unusual entity. We experienced a case of a 45-year-old female with sellar AT/RT presenting diplopia, who underwent subtotal removal of the tumor by the endoscopic endonasal transsphenoidal approach. Pathological diagnosis was AT/RT with INI1 inactivation on immunohistochemistry. Subsequently, multiple lung metastases were confirmed on fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET). Although she received postoperative chemoradiotherapy, she died of cerebrospinal fluid dissemination. Autopsy revealed cerebrospinal dissemination and lung metastasis of AT/RT. Biallelic alterations in the INI1 gene were identified by direct sequencing, harboring on different alleles (compound heterozygous mutations) was observed, which is the potential genetic pattern in adult AT/RT. Literature review indicated that lung metastasis frequently occurs in sellar AT/RTs, which is accompanied by cavernous sinus invasion. These observations suggested that cavernous sinus invasion causes haematogenous metastasis to the lung in sellar AT/RT. We discuss clinical and pathological features in adult sellar AT/RT to improve understanding of this unique entity.
Atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumors (AT/RT) are extremely aggressive neoplasms of the central nervous system (CNS) that most often affect children under the age of 3 years.1) The main genetic hallmark of AT/RT is a mutation or deletion of INI1/SWI/SNF-related matrix-associated actin-dependent regulator of chromatin subfamily B member 1 (SMARCB1).2) Recently, several adult cases of AT/RT have been reported; the sellar region was the most commonly occurring site and patients were predominantly middle-aged women.3,4) Moreover, current genetic studies have revealed that adult sellar AT/RT demonstrates different alterations in INI1.3,4) These observations indicate that adult sellar AT/RT could be a distinct disease entity. However, clinical and genetic features are poorly understood in this unusual entity.
Here, we present a case of sellar AT/RT in a 45-year-old female that metastasized to the lung with rapid progression. Genetic analysis indicated a compound heterozygous mutation in INI1, which is a relatively rare genetic alteration pattern in infants. Literature review of adult sellar AT/RTs demonstrated that lung metastasis frequently occurs, all of which were accompanied by cavernous sinus invasion. We discuss the pathogenesis of lung metastasis and the INI1 mutation pattern based on the detection of pathological autopsy findings and whole-genome sequencing in this case.
A 45-year-old female presented with bilateral ptosis and diplopia, which had worsened within a few weeks before visiting our institution. Neurological examination revealed right oculomotor nerve palsy, right trigeminal hypesthesia, and bilateral abducens nerve palsy. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed a heterogeneously enhanced mass lesion mainly located in the intra-suprasellar region, invading into the bilateral cavernous sinus, pituitary stalk, and hypothalamus (Fig. 1A). Panhypopituitarism was observed on blood biochemical examination. The patient did not develop diabetes insipidus during the course. Under the preoperative differential diagnosis of pituitary carcinoma, pituitary apoplexy, or metastatic pituitary tumor, the patient underwent surgical removal by the endoscopic endonasal transsphenoidal approach with posterior ethmoid sinus fenestration. The tumor was fibrous, firm, and hemorrhagic. It was removed with residual tumor in the lateral portion of the cavernous sinus (Fig. 1B). The pathological diagnosis was classic AT/RT showing a highly cellular component of rhabdoid cells with mitosis. Although her symptoms improved just after surgery, right oculomotor nerve palsy gradually worsened and MRI showed regrowth of the residual tumor (Fig. 1C). She underwent intensity-modulated radiotherapy (total dose of 66 Gy with 33 fractions) as local radiation and temozolomide (TMZ) medication (75 mg/m2 daily for 42 days) as chemotherapy. The tumor size decreased after chemoradiation therapy (Fig. 1D); however, the computed tomography (CT) scan revealed multiple lesions in bilateral lungs (Fig. 1E). Lung lesions showed accumulation in fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) (Fig. 1K) and CT-guided needle biopsy revealed metastasis of AT/RT. She subsequently received radiotherapy for the lung lesion. A few days later, she presented with bilateral leg pain and gadolinium-enhanced MRI of the spine demonstrated dissemination along the spinal cord and L4-5 spinous process metastasis (Figs. 1F and 1G). Therefore, systemic antineoplastic therapy with ifosfamide (900 mg/m2), cisplatin (20 mg/m2), and etoposide (60 mg/m2) (ICE) was applied. After the first cycle of ICE chemotherapy, the metastatic lung tumor and cerebrospinal fluid dissemination were ameliorated (Figs. 1H–1J), but the primary sellar lesion was unchanged. Five weeks after the first cycle of ICE chemotherapy, her leg pain again worsened due to dissemination around the cauda equina. Finally, disturbance of consciousness rapidly progressed and the patient passed away 5 months after the initial diagnosis.
Histological examination revealed a densely cellular neoplasm, which was composed of small- to medium-sized cells with vesicular nuclei that had prominent nucleoli (Figs. 2A and 2B). Additionally, hemangiopericytoma-like staghorn vasculature within the dense, diffuse proliferation of jumbled cells, and a small number of scattered rhabdoid cells suggested characteristic histology of sellar AT/RT but not common findings of AT/RT. Rare rhabdoid cells with eosinophilic cytoplasm including hyaline inclusions, discrete cell borders, and eccentric nuclei (Fig. 2B) were found among other tumor cells with eosinophilic, pale, clear, or vacuolated cytoplasm. Frequent mitotic and apoptotic changes, but not necrosis, were noted in examined sections.
Immunohistochemical examination demonstrated that tumor cells were negative for INI1 compared with endothelial cells as a positive internal control (Fig. 2C). Diffuse and strong immunoreactivity for vimentin, CD31, CD34, and alpha-smooth muscle actin was observed in the tumor cells. Scattered tumor cells were immunopositive for cytokeratin AE1/AE3 and epithelial membrane antigen. Immunostaining for glial fibrillary acidic protein and synaptophysin was negative. Mindbomb E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 1 (MIB-1) labeling index was approximately 70%.
A systemic pathological autopsy was performed to investigate the pathology of dissemination and metastasis. The autopsy revealed dissemination around the brain stem, spinal cord, and cauda equina. Lung pathology demonstrated multiple metastases and vascular invasion (Figs. 2D–2F). Similar to CNS lesions, rhabdoid cells with eccentric nuclei and eosinophilic cytoplasm were observed and were clearly metastasized (Fig. 2E). Dissemination to the brainstem was suggested as a cause of consciousness disturbance.
Molecular genetic analysis for INI1 alterationsGenomic deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) was extracted from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded sections as previously described and then amplified and sequenced using primers for exons 1–9 of the INI1 gene.4) Two different mutations were detected, presumably on different alleles (compound heterozygous mutations): one mutation was c.144 delC in exon 2, and the other mutation was c.819_820 insT in exon 7 (Fig. 3A). Copy number changes in exons of the INI1 gene and flanking genes were analyzed by multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA) analysis using the SMARCB1 MLPA test kit P258-C1 (MRC-Holland, Amsterdam, The Netherlands), as previously described,5) and no copy number change was observed (Fig. 3B).
We report a case of adult sellar AT/RT presenting with lung metastasis and cerebrospinal fluid dissemination and confirmed compound heterozygous mutation in INI1. To our knowledge, this is the first sellar AT/RT case evaluated by systemic pathological autopsy including lung metastasis and dissemination. We describe two important points from the present case, lung metastasis, and compound heterozygous mutation of INI1.
Only 24 cases of sellar AT/RT have been reported to date. We summarize all reported cases along with the present case in Table 1.4–19) The mean age of patients was 44.3 (20–69) years,4–19) and there were no pediatric cases. All cases except one were female, and the present case was also an adult female. We speculated an epigenetic mechanism by methylation of the X chromosome or an association with female hormones as in gynecologic cancer.1,20) However, the reason for the female predominance is not well understood.
| Authors and year | Age (years), sex | Surgery | Radiation | Chemotherapy | Cavernous invasion | Metastatic site | Autopsy | Survival (month) | SMARCB1 Sequencing |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kuge A et al., 200010) | 31, F | Subtotal | Local, posterior fossa | 1st: CDDP + VP-16, 2nd: MTX | − | − | − | 28 | NA |
| Raisanen J et al., 200517) | 20, F | No detail | Yes (no detail) | Yes (No detail) | NA | − | − | Alive at 28 | c.118 delC (exon2) |
| Raisanen J et al., 200517) | 31, F | No detail | Yes (no detail) | NA | NA | − | − | 9 | NA |
| Arita K et al., 20087) | 56, F | Subtotal | SRS, local, spine | No | + | Spinal cord | − | 23 | c.370_371 delA (exon4) + c.528_529 delC (exon5) |
| Las Heras F et al., 201011) | 46, F | No detail | NA | NA | NA | − | − | Not described | NA |
| Schneiderhan et al., 201118) | 61, F | Total | NA | NA | − | − | − | 3 | c.91G>T p. (Glu31) (exon 1) + c.538_563 del p. (Ala 180Hisfs22) (exon 5) |
| Schneiderhan et al., 201118) | 57, F | No detail | Yes (no detail) | ADM+CDDP | + | − | − | Alive at 6 | NA |
| Moretti C et al., 201312) | 60, F | Subtotal | Local | 1st: ADM + VNB 2nd: CBDCA | + | Lung | − | 30 | NA |
| Park HG et al., 201416) | 42, F | Subtotal | Craniospinal | Multiagent | + | − | − | Alive at 24 | NA |
| Shitara S et al., 201419) | 44, F | Partial | Yes (no detail) | ICE | + | Spinal cord, lung | − | 17 | No aberrations |
| Biswas S et al., 20158) | 48, F | Total | No | VDC, ICE | NA | − | − | Died | c.146C>G (exon2) + c.629+2T>G (intron5) |
| Nobusawa S et al., 20164) | 69, F | Subtotal | Local | TMZ | + | − | − | Alive at 37 | c.795 + 1 delG (intron6) + c.150 dupC p. (Trp51Leufs20) (exon2) |
| Nakata S et al., 20173) | 26, F | No detail | Local, spine | 1st: MTX, 2nd: ICE | NA | − | − | 33 | c.544C>T (exon5) + c.681_697del (exon6) |
| Nakata S et al., 20173) | 21, F | No detail | Local | ICE | NA | − | − | 35 | No aberrations |
| Almalki MH et al., 20176) | 36, F | Total | Local | ICE | + | − | − | Alive at 37 | NA |
| Johann PD et al., 20189) | 66, M | No detail | NA | NA | NA | − | − | Alive at 54 | No aberrations |
| Johann PD et al., 20189) | 20, F | No detail | NA | NA | NA | − | − | 120 | c.118 delC p. (Arg40Glufs16) (exon2) |
| Johann PD et al., 20189) | 48, F | No detail | NA | NA | NA | − | − | Alive at 4 | No aberrations |
| Johann PD et al., 20189) | 46, F | No detail | NA | NA | NA | − | − | 0 | c.818_886 del p. (Ile273_Leu295del) (exon7) |
| Nishikawa A et al., 201813) | 42, F | Total | Local | Paclitaxel | + | Spinal cord | Systemic | 11 | c.592T>C (p.Gln198x) |
| Paolini MA et al., 201815) | 31, F | Subtotal | No | No | NA | − | − | 2 | SMARCB1 homozygous deletion |
| Paolini MA et al., 201815) | 36, F | Subtotal | Yes (no detail) | Yes (No detail) | NA | − | − | Alive at 22 | c.785del, p.V262AfsX5 |
| Paolini MA et al., 201815) | 47, F | Subtotal | Local | Yes (3 agent) | NA | − | − | Alive at 62 | c.472C>T, p.R158X |
| Paolini MA et al., 201815) | 65, F | Subtotal | Local | Yes (4 agent) | NA | Spinal cord | − | 23 | c.773C>A, p.S258X |
| Present | 45, F | Subtotal | Local, lung | 1st: TMZ, 2nd: ICE | + | Lung, spinal cord, bone | Systemic | 5 | c.144 delC (exon2) + c.819_820 insT (exon7) |
NA: not assessed.
Pediatric AT/RT is likely to show tumor dissemination to the whole CNS, especially to the spinal cord. However, extraneural metastasis is a rare event for intracranial tumors including AT/RT.21,22) We found that 3 of 25 patients (9%) with sellar AT/RT had lung metastasis (Table 1).4–19) Sellar AT/RT may tend to elicit extraneural metastasis compared with pediatric AT/RT. Sellar AT/RT often invades into the cavernous sinus. In previous reports, invasion of the cavernous sinus was seen in 9 of 11 cases, and all cases with lung metastases showed invasion of the cavernous sinus (Table 1). Thus, malignant tumor cells of the cavernous sinus may have the ability to spread to the lung or other organs as haematogenous metastasis. Therefore, the patients with AT/RT invasion of the cavernous sinus might be better to receive multi-agent chemotherapy and radiation therapy as soon as possible after the diagnosis.
We speculated that intensive treatment after surgical resection might suppress remote metastasis. In the literature, 11 cases underwent local radiotherapy and one case was treated with craniospinal radiotherapy. Eight cases survived more than 30 months. Four of these cases received ICE-based chemotherapy and the median overall survival was 27.5 months (Table 1). In the present case, the patient was treated with TMZ, a DNA alkylating agent used for malignant glioma that has been suggested to have a tumor suppression effect for AT/RT.4,23,24) TMZ and radiotherapy significantly reduced the primary tumor; however, these treatments could not prevent dissemination to the spinal cord and cauda equina or metastasis to the lungs and spinal bone. Therefore, we should have adopted ICE-based chemotherapy and radiotherapy initially after the diagnosis. In addition, spinal radiotherapy is also considered if spinal cord dissemination is observed.
In the present case, we detected a compound heterozygous mutation in INI1. Although the genetic mutation pattern has not been well clarified, AT/RTs have been associated with a specific genetic alteration, that is, mutation of the INI1 gene located on chromosome 22q11.2.25) The INI1/hSNF5 gene encodes a component of the SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complex and interacts with sequence-specific DNA binding proteins such as cellular myelocytomatosis oncogene (c-Myc) and Epstein-Barr virus encoded nuclear antigen2.2) This genetic hallmark of AT/RT, either mutation or deletion of both copies of the INI1/hSNF5 gene, is detected in approximately 70% of tumors. Genetic analysis has recently revealed that the prevalence of compound heterozygous mutations and splice-site mutations is significantly higher in sellar AT/RT than in pediatric AT/RT.1) Only 1 of 116 cases (<1%) of pediatric AT/RT with detectable biallelic INI1 alterations harbored this type of mutation.26) In contrast, 6 of 18 cases (33%) of sellar AT/RT exhibited compound heterozygous mutations (Table 1).
A recent study categorized pediatric AT/RT into three molecular subgroups, AT/RT—tyrosine, AT/RT—sonic hedgehog and AT/RT-MYC, by DNA methylation patterns.21) In unsupervised hierarchical cluster analysis of DNA methylation profiles, sellar AT/RT clustered with AT/RT-MYC.21) Analysis of DNA methylation array intensity data revealed that only one case of sellar AT/RT had characteristic features of pediatric ATRT-MYC, that is, major copy number losses affecting the SMARCB1 region.21) These results suggest that sellar AT/RTs in adults form a clinically distinct entity with a different mutational spectrum but share epigenetic similarities with pediatric AT/RTs of the AT/RT-MYC subgroup.9) However, it is unclear how this classification affects clinical biology and therapeutic application. The relation between compound heterozygous mutations in INI1 and specific methylation patterns should be studied in the near future.
We reported the case of an adult female with sellar AT/RT who underwent systemic pathological autopsy and exhibited metastasis and dissemination. The patient had a compound heterozygous mutation in INI1, suggesting that adult AT/RT is a different pathological condition than pediatric AT/RT, including site and prognosis. Because the autopsy revealed cerebrospinal fluid dissemination and lung metastasis, aggressive chemoradiotherapy following maximum surgical resection should be considered.
All authors have no conflict of interest.
