2021 Volume 8 Issue 1 Pages 617-623
Brainstem venous congestion due to dural arteriovenous fistula (dAVF) can mimic brainstem glioma and infarction. We report a case of a 56-year-old woman with a transverse-sigmoid sinus (TS) dAVF. On MRI, she presented with brainstem edema that was difficult to distinguish from brainstem glioma and infarction. She was referred to our hospital for mild dysarthria with right hemiparesis and a suspected left pontine glioma. On MRI, contrast enhancement of the lesion was demarcated by the pontine raphe, and the ipsilateral vein of Rosenthal was dilated. Cerebral angiography revealed TS dAVF with an isolated sinus. Transarterial followed by transvenous coil embolization was performed to reduce shunt flow, resulting in symptom improvement and normal findings on MRI and cerebral angiography. Brainstem venous congestion due to TS dAVF is as rare as adult brainstem glioma. Differentiating the above-mentioned three diseases on the basis of diagnostic imaging findings and clinical course is necessary for appropriate and timely treatment.
Brainstem edema caused by dural arteriovenous fistula (dAVF)-related venous congestion is difficult to distinguish from brainstem glioma1–7) and brainstem infarction.8,9) However, it is important to distinguish between brainstem glioma and infarction and dAVF because these three diseases have different treatment methods. Patients with brainstem glioma may be treated with radiation and chemotherapy without resection or biopsy.10) Here, we report a case of a patient with transverse-sigmoid sinus dAVF (TS dAVF) with an isolated sinus that mimicked brainstem glioma and infarction and review similar previously reported cases.
A 56-year-old woman lost consciousness and fell while riding a bicycle, and she was transported to a local emergency hospital. Mild dysarthria and right hemiparesis had gradually progressed since a month and a brainstem glioma was suspected on the basis of head CT and the clinical course. Her medical history was notable for a conservatively treated traumatic acute subdural hematoma 1 year ago. The patient was transferred to our hospital, and examination on admission showed mild symptoms of recent memory disturbance, dysarthria, and right hemiparesis, as well as right cerebellar ataxia. Gadolinium T1-weighted imaging (Gd-T1WI) showed a contrast-enhancing left pontine mass lesion demarcated by the pontine raphe and a dilated vein of Rosenthal on the left. T2-weighted imaging (T2WI) and FLAIR imaging showed a hyperintense region in the medial left temporal lobe that was considered brain edema (Fig. 1). Vascular malformations were considered more likely than brainstem glioma. Therefore, cerebral angiography was performed, which revealed left TS dAVF with an isolated sinus that was supplied by the left middle meningeal artery (MMA) and both occipital arteries (Fig. 2). Retrograde venous flow from the isolated sinus to the superior petrosal sinus, petrosal vein, vein of Rosenthal, right olfactory vein, and vein of the great horizontal fissure was present; therefore, the dAVF was classified as Cognard type III.
Transarterial embolization (TAE) was performed under general anesthesia to reduce shunt flow (Fig. 3). A 5-Fr long sheath was inserted in the right femoral artery, after which a 5-Fr guiding catheter (Launcher; Medtronic, Minneapolis, MN, USA) was advanced into the left occipital artery. Then, two microcatheters (Carnelian MARVEL and Carnelian HF; Tokai Medical Products Inc., Kasugai, Aichi, Japan) were coaxially placed in the left posterior meningeal artery using a microguidewire (Traxcess14; Terumo Corp., Tokyo, Japan) and the feeding artery was occluded with detachable coils (Barricade; Balt USA, Irvine, CA, USA) and 33% n-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate (NBCA). Next, the posterior branch of the MMA was occluded using the same catheters and embolic materials. After 3 days, transvenous embolization (TVE) was performed under general anesthesia (Fig. 3). A 4-Fr long sheath was placed in the right radial artery to advance a 4-Fr catheter into the left common carotid artery for intraoperative angiography. A 6-Fr long sheath was placed in the right femoral vein to advance a Launcher 6-Fr guiding catheter into the left internal jugular vein. After a 4.2-Fr guiding catheter (FUBUKI; ASAHI Intecc, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan) was placed in the left sigmoid sinus for distal access, a microcatheter (SL-10; Stryker, Kalamazoo, MI, USA) was advanced into the isolated sinus with a 0.016-inch microguidewire (Meister; ASAHI Intecc). Fourteen detachable coils were used for embolization from the superior petrosal sinus to the isolated sinus. After the procedure, venous reflux to the intracranial veins disappeared and the patient’s neurological symptoms improved. Brain MRI after 3 months showed improvement and shunt flow had completely disappeared on cerebral angiography after 6 months (Fig. 4).
DAVF accounts for 10–15% of intracranial arteriovenous malformations.11) Common causes are idiopathic, craniotomy, head trauma, and sinus thrombosis.12) In Japan, TS is the second most common location for dAVF after the cavernous sinus and the average age of onset is 66 years.13) TS dAVFs with an isolated sinus often cause cerebral hemorrhage and acute neurological symptoms.14–16) Our patient presented as an acute case and showed venous congestion in the left pons on MRI because of abnormal venous outflow, which suggested that urgent treatment was necessary. TVE is considered less invasive and more effective in treating dAVFs with an isolated sinus.17,18)
It is important to differentiate between cerebral infarction and brainstem glioma for brainstem venous congestion on head MRI as seen in this case. If sinus thrombosis occurs and intracranial pressure increases, the resulting symptoms resemble those of cerebral infarction may occur in dAVF suddenly.8,9) It is even more important to distinguish between dAVF and brainstem glioma due to the difference in treatment strategy.
Further, dAVF-related brainstem edema mimicking pontine glioma has been reported in 11 patients (including our case) and is rare (Table 1).1–7) Three patients were male and eight were female, with the average age of 62.5 years (36–80 years). Nine of these cases occurred in the cavernous sinus, one in perimedullary, and one in TS. Endovascular treatment, radiotherapy, sinus packing, or combined treatments were performed and symptoms improved in eight patients. The high signal intensity observed on T2WI is attributed to edema and venous congestion resulting from venous hypertension, whereas the contrast enhancement on Gd-T1WI is attributed to venous congestion and blood–brain barrier breakdown.19,20) In patients showing contrast enhancement in the brainstem, no improvements are observed even after intervention.1,3,4) Therefore, such patients require urgent treatment.
| Author | Case | Location of d-AVF | Location of congestion | Drainage route | Symptoms | Treatment | Prognosis |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Uchino et al. (1997)1) | 68.F | Cavernous sinus | Pons | Basal v., vein of Labbe | Ophthalmic pain, ophthalmoplegia, pyramidal tract sign, cranial nerve palsy, ataxia | TAE | No change |
| 74.M | Cavernous sinus | Pons, Rt. cerebellum | Cortical veins of posterior fossa | Chemosis, proptosis, oculomotor palsy, cerebellar ataxia | TAE, radiotherapy | Improved | |
| Takahashi et al. (1999)2) | 49.M | Cavernous sinus | Pons | SPS, SOV, IOV | Exophthalmos, chemosis, diplopia | TVE | Improved |
| 62.F | Cavernous sinus | Pons | Bilateral SOV | Exophthalmos, chemosis, loss of visual acuity | TVE | Improved | |
| Shintani et al. (2000)3) | 65.F | Cavernous sinus | Pons | IPS | Chemosis, diplopia, gaze palsy, cerebellar ataxia | None | Dead |
| Kai et al. (2004)4) | 56.F | Cavernous sinus | Pons | Petrosal v. | Proptosis, double vision, visual impairment, hemiparesis | Sinus packing (craniotomy) | Remaining symptoms |
| 70.F | Cavernous sinus | Midbrain | Deep Sylvian v., pontomesencephalic v. | Double vision, chemosis, exophthalmos, mild truncal ataxia | Sinus packing(craniotomy) | Improved | |
| Iwasaki et al. (2006)5) | 71.F | Cavernous sinus | Upper pons | SPS, anterior pontomesencephalic v. | Abducens nerve palsy | Stereotactic radiosurgery | Improved |
| Miyagishima et al. (2012)6) | 80.F | Cavernous sinus | Upper pons | SOV, petrosal v. | Chemosis, exophthalmos, ataxia, dysarthria | TAE, radiotherapy | Improved |
| Le Guennec et al. (2015)7) | 36.M | Perimedullary | Medulla oblongata | Spinal perimedullary v. | Headache, right hemifacial and lingual hypoesthesia, nausea, vomiting | TAE | Improved |
| Present case | 56.F | Transverse-sigmoid sinus | Pons | Petrosal v. | Memory loss, dysartria, hemiparesis, ataxia | TAE, TVE | Improved |
AVF: arteriovenous fistula, IOV: inferior orbital vein, IPS: inferior petrosal sinus, SOV: superior orbital vein, SPS: superior petrosal sinus, TAE: transarterial embolization, TVE: transvenous embolization.
Because biopsy and surgical resection of brainstem gliomas are high-risk procedures,10) radiation and chemotherapy treatment may be performed without tissue diagnosis. Therefore, the differentiation of brainstem lesions on imaging is important. Brainstem gliomas are relatively more common in children than in adults21) and account for less than 2% of adult brain tumors.22) In adults, the average age of diagnosis is 34–40 years, the pons is frequently involved, and diplopia, hemiplegia, and headache are the primary symptoms.10,23) The median symptom duration is 4 months; however, sudden onset of symptoms like stroke may occur when intratumoral hemorrhage occurs.23) The most common finding on MRI for the tumor is non-enhancing diffusely infiltrative mass (50% of cases), followed by contrast-enhancing localized mass (31% of cases).23) In contrast, in patients with dAVF, the average age of diagnosis is 65 years,13) and symptoms depend on the location of the lesion. Ocular symptoms, such as chemosis, exophthalmos, and hyperemia, are predominant in cavernous sinus dAVF,24,25) whereas pulsatile tinnitus is observed in TS dAVF.26) Although dAVFs generally resemble brainstem gliomas on MRI, the enhancement pattern is demarcated by the pontine raphe.2,3) Furthermore, dAVFs may be associated with supraorbital vein dilatation, the presence of abnormal vascular networks near the cavernous sinus, and the dilatation of veins surrounding the brainstem on MRA.2,6,7)
Our patient’s symptoms did not suggest dAVF; therefore, brainstem glioma and cerebral infarction were initially suspected on the basis of imaging findings and the clinical course. In this case, dAVF was considered in the differential diagnosis because of the contrast enhancement pattern and dilated vein of Rosenthal on Gd-T1WI. However, from the perspective of treatment selection, it is important to keep the brainstem glioma in mind in the differential diagnosis of cases such as imaging findings.
TS dAVF can be difficult to distinguish from brainstem glioma and infarction on MRI. Differentiating these three is necessary for appropriate and timely treatment.
All authors report no conflicts of interest about this article.
