Abstract
Intracranial myxoid mesenchymal tumors (IMMTs) with EWSR1-CREB1 family gene fusion are rare brain neoplasms characterized by gene fusion between the EWSR1 gene and one of the cyclic AMP response element-binding (CREB) family transcription factor (CREB1, ATF1, or CREM) genes. Although half of reported cases are pediatric, the clinical, histologic, and genomic features of IMMTs with EWSR1 rearrangement in pediatric populations are not yet well clarified. Here we describe the case of a 7-year-old girl who presented with seizures due to an extra-axial tumor in the left parietal convexity. Gross total resection was achieved, and the tumor displayed a multilobular structure with solid hypercellular and myxoid hypocellular areas, separated by a variable amount of stroma. The hypercellular areas consisted of round to polygonal cells, whereas the myxoid areas were ovoid to spindled cells. Immunophenotypically, the tumor cells were positive for vimentin, desmin, and EMA. Next-generation sequencing of tumoral DNA revealed EWSR1-CREM gene fusion and a pathogenic mutation of MAP3K13. No recurrence was detected 9 months after resection, without chemotherapy or radiotherapy. In comparison to other pediatric and adult patients with EWSR1 rearrangement, many clinical, radiological, and immunohistochemical features were shared. However, signs of elevated intracranial pressure were more frequently observed, and postoperative radiation was less frequently administered for pediatric patients. Gross total resection (GTR) was the key prognostic factor for better disease control especially among pediatric patients. Further reports of cases with EWSR1 rearrangement with detailed genetic profiles are essential for clarifying the oncogenic pathway and establishing a standard treatment strategy.
Introduction
Intracranial myxoid mesenchymal tumors (IMMTs) harboring EWSR1 (Ewing sarcoma breakpoint region 1) gene rearrangement, first reported in 2008 by Dunham et al.1) as an intracerebral angiomatoid fibrous histiocytoma (AFH), are rare brain neoplasms that are genetically defined by gene fusions between EWSR1 and one of the cyclic AMP response element-binding protein (CREB) family genes, including ATF1, CREB1, and CREM. Since the discovery of EWSR1 translocation in Ewing sarcoma in 1984,2) the most frequent translocation of t (11;22) (q24;q12) involving EWSR1 and FLI1 genes, EWSR1 rearrangements are the most common cytogenetic alterations in soft tissue neoplasms.
The EWSR1 gene on chromosome 22q12 has a 17-exon coding sequence and plays crucial roles in transcription, mitosis, and DNA repair.3) Although the N-terminal transcription activation domain in exons 1-7 activates transcription through the serine-tyrosine-glycine-glutamine motif, the C-terminal nucleic acid-binding domain has important biological roles through their interactions with other proteins.3) Numerous genes have been identified4) as a translocation partner of EWSR1 in diverse soft tissue tumors, suggesting the EWSR1's promiscuity as a fusion partner gene. Dunham et al.1) reported the first case of primary intracranial AFH with a t (12;22) (q13;q12) of EWSR1-ATF1 gene fusion. Subsequently, a total of 43 IMMTs with EWSR1-ATF1, EWSR1-CREB, and EWSR1-CREM gene fusion have been reported.1,5-22) Although ATF1, CREB1, and CREM belong to the basic leucine zipper superfamily of transcription factors and play critical roles in numerous physiological settings by binding to the cAMP response element sequence,23) the exact mechanism of tumorigenesis in tumors with EWSR1 rearrangement has not been clarified.
Comprehensive genomic profiling by next-generation sequencing (NGS) of tumoral DNA is increasingly utilized in clinical practice as a companion diagnostic, for improved understanding of the pathogenesis, and for selecting possible chemotherapeutic agents, even in advanced cancer patients. However, insufficient data regarding intracranial EWSR1 rearranged tumors are currently available.
Another clinical question regarding IMMTs with EWSR1 rearrangement is that the age of the reported patients varies widely: approximately half are pediatric (≤18 years of age). In some brain tumors, including ependymoma,24) clinical behavior, and genetic profiling differ remarkably between pediatric and adult cases. Additionally, treatment strategies may differ depending on age because of different radiosensitivity, chemosensitivity, side effects, and brain plasticity. Therefore, clarifying these aspects of pediatric IMMTs with EWSR1 gene fusion is crucial for better clinical management of this rare entity.
Here, we report the case of a 7-year-old girl with IMMT harboring EWSR1-CREM fusion with detailed clinical, radiological, and immunohistochemical information as well as genetic profiles obtained by NGS. Additionally, we compared pediatric IMMTs harboring EWSR1-CREB family genefusions with adult cases to clarify epidemiologic, radiological, immunohistochemical, and genetic features, as well as oncological outcomes, to facilitate knowledge regarding this rare brain tumor.
Case Report
Clinical history, operation, and postoperative course
A 7-year-old girl with congenital sensorineural hearing loss presented with seizures and was referred to a local hospital. Brain computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans revealed a neoplastic mass in the left parietal lesion. The tumor demonstrated hypointensity and hyperintensity on T1 and T2 weighted images, respectively, with broad edematous changes in the surrounding brain parenchyma (Fig. 1A, B). Further images showed a homogeneously enhanced extra-axial tumor with possible parasagittal attachment to the dura mater (Fig. 1C, D), suggesting a wide range of radiological diagnoses, including meningioma, hemangiopericytoma/solitary fibrous tumor, ependymoma, and pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma.
A left parietal craniotomy was performed, and the tumor was confirmed to be an extra-axial tumor with an attachment to the falx near the superior sagittal sinus. Gross total removal of the tumor was achieved; however, the complete resection of the attached dura was not. The postoperative course was uneventful. Neither radiation therapy nor chemotherapy was administered. Nine months after the resection, the magnetic resonance (MR) images revealed no tumor recurrence (Fig. 1E, F).
Histological and immunohistochemical findings
Histologically, the tumor appeared well defined, showing expansive rather than invasive growth, forming a multilobulated structure with alternating solid hypercellular and myxoid hypocellular areas (Fig. 2A). They were separated by a variable amount of stroma, partially showing amianthoid collagen bundles. The hypercellular areas (Fig. 2B) displayed densely packed round to polygonal cells with pale eosinophilic cytoplasm, whereas the hypocellular myxoid areas (Fig. 2C) contained uniform ovoid to spindled cells occasionally arranged in reticular or cord-like patterns. Mitotic counts were 2-3 per 10 high-power fields. Vascular proliferation was modest, with no particular epithelioid appearance throughout. Immunohistochemically, the tumor cells were diffusely immunoreactive for vimentin (Fig. 2D) and partially immunoreactive for EMA (Fig. 2E) and desmin (not shown) but negative for CD99 (not shown). The Ki-67/MIB-1 proliferation index ranged from 8.6% to 12.7%, suggesting moderate proliferative potential. The fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) probes were created from the BAC clones mapped to the centromeric (RP11-367E7, red) and telomeric (RP11-91J21, green) sides of EWSR1. The FISH assay (Fig. 2F) showed EWSR1 rearrangement.
Comprehensive genomic analysis of 324 cancer-related genes with FoundationOne (Foundation Medicine, Cambridge, MA) identified gene fusion between EWSR1 exon 8 and CREM exon 3. Excepting the rearrangement of EWSR1 gene, no additional copy number alterations were identified. The microsatellite instability status was stable, and no tumor mutational burden was identified (0 muts/Mb). The other variants detected by NGS are as follows: MAP3K13, BRCA2, CASP8, and KEL. To evaluate the pathogenicity of these variants, the Functional Analysis Through Hidden Markov Models web-server (http://fathmm.biocompute.org.uk/fathmm-xf/) was used. A high pathogenic score of 0.95 with A→G transversion at c.1567 of the MAP3K13 gene on chromosome 3 was revealed.
Methods
Pediatric patients (≤18 years of age) with IMMTs harboring EWSR1 gene rearrangement were identified in the PubMed database using combinations of search terms for "intracranial" "EWSR1" "gene fusion" between 2008 and 2021. Only full-text articles written in English were included for the review. Data were collected for each patient, including sex, age at diagnosis, anatomic location of the tumor, extent of resection, symptoms at presentation, radiologic features, adjuvant therapy, and disease control outcome. For progression-free survival (PFS) analysis, PFS curves were estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method and compared using the log-rank test. All statistical analyses were performed using JMP 11.2.1 software (SAS Institute, Cary, NC). P <.05 was considered statistically significant.
Results
Excluding our case, we found 22 published articles of 43 IMMT cases.1,5-22) Of the 44 cases, including our case, 23 pediatric patients (≤18 years of age) with IMMTs harboring EWSR1 gene rearrangement were identified. Table 1 shows the comparison between pediatric and adult IMMT characteristics.
Table 1
Comparison between pediatric and adult IMMTs with EWSR1 gene rearrangement
|
Pediatric (%) n = 23 |
Adult (%) n = 21 |
P Value |
| *Signs of increased intracranial pressure include papilledema, nausea, vomiting, and abducens nerve palsy. **Focal signs include hemiparesis, language impairment, alexia, and agraphia |
| Age, median (range) |
13 (5-18) |
36 (19-70) |
- |
| Sex, male:female |
7:16 |
9:12 |
0.39 |
| Symptoms/signs |
|
|
|
| Headache |
14 (67) |
11 (65) |
0.90 |
| Seizure |
4 (19) |
3 (18) |
0.91 |
| Increased intracranial pressure* |
11 (52) |
3 (18) |
0.03 |
| Focal neurological deficits** |
2 (10) |
3 (18) |
0.46 |
| Location |
|
|
0.50 |
| Dura (convexity, falx, tentorium) |
15 (65) |
14 (66) |
|
| Intraventricular |
3 (13) |
4 (19) |
|
| Intraparenchymal |
5 (22) |
2 (10) |
|
| Others |
0 |
1 (5) |
|
| Imaging features in MRI |
|
|
|
| Solid mass/Cystic-solid mass |
7 (47) /8 (53) |
10 (63) /6 (37) |
0.37 |
| Surrounding vasogenic edema |
12 (86) |
11 (73) |
0.41 |
| Immunohistochemistry |
|
|
|
| Desmin |
8 (80) |
9 (82) |
0.92 |
| EMA |
10 (91) |
11 (85) |
0.64 |
| CD99 |
7 (88) |
8 (100) |
0.30 |
| S-100 |
0 (0) |
2 (18) |
0.18 |
| Fusion partner gene of EWSR1 gene |
|
|
0.92 |
| ATF1 |
9 (39) |
7 (33) |
|
| CREB1 |
7 (30) |
7 (33) |
|
| CREM |
7 (30) |
7 (33) |
|
| Gross total resection |
11 (65) |
12 (71) |
0.71 |
| Postoperative radiotherapy |
2 (10) |
4 (22) |
0.30 |
| Postoperative chemotherapy |
2 (10) |
2 (11) |
0.91 |
| Recurrence or disease progression |
11 (52) |
6 (35) |
0.29 |
| Progression-free survival (months) |
28 |
54 |
0.74 |
| (95% confidence interval) |
(9-60) |
(11-120) |
|
Among the 44 IMMTs with EWSR1 rearrangement, three specific fusion partner genes, namely, EWSR1-ATF1, EWSR1-CREB1, and EWSR1-CREM, were identified. Interestingly, these subtypes of gene fusion were equally distributed across the age subgroups, resulting in a ratio of approximately 1:1:1.
Epidemiology
Of the 44 cases with EWSR1 rearrangement, 6 (13.6%) were ≤10 years old, 17 (38.6%) were 11 to 18, and 21 (47.7%) were ≥18. Overall, females were affected more frequently than males, with a male-to-female ratio of 1:1.8 among both pediatric and adult subpopulations.
Location of the tumor
IMMTs with EWSR1 gene fusion are most often developed in contact with dura mater (convexity, falx cerebri, tentorium cerebelli, and cerebellopontine angle), accounting for two-thirds of cases. Some tumors develop intraventricular and intraparenchymal lesions. This trend of tumor localization is also common, regardless of age.
Onset and clinical symptoms
The symptoms and patterns of onset depend largely on tumor location. Headache is the most common symptom at presentation in any patient age or tumor location. Interestingly, half of pediatric patients with this tumor entity demonstrate some signs of elevated intracranial pressure (ICP), including nausea, vomiting, papilledema, and abducens nerve palsy. Alternatively, these symptoms are less frequently observed in adult patients, accounting for ≤20% of adult cases (p = 0.03). Only 10% of pediatric and 18% of adult patients experienced corresponding focal neurological deficits, including hemiparesis, sensory disturbance, language impairment, alexia, and agraphia. Notably, tinnitus, hearing loss, and vertigo are specific to patients with tumors that are located in the cerebellopontine (CP) angle.
MRI
MR images were available for 15 pediatric and 16 adult patients. Among these, radiologic features were classified into two subgroups: solid mass and cystic-solid mass according to gadolinium enhancement and cyst formation. Typical images of tumors with solid mass are shown in Fig. 1, with a clearly circumscribed solid tumor with gadolinium enhancement compressing the surrounding normal brain tissue. This type of tumor was observed in 7 (47%) of 15 pediatric and 10 (63%) of 16 adult patients. Another feature of tumors with both solid and cystic components20) was more frequently observed in adult patients than in pediatric patients. Surrounding vasogenic edema was also found in more than 70% of each patient subgroup.
Immunohistochemical features
Data regarding immunohistochemical findings revealed that >80% of the tumors were positive for desmin, EMA, and CD99. Our case was the only report of negative CD99 immunoreactivity. However, most tumors demonstrated no immunoreactivity for S100, synaptophysin, or GFAP. CD68 immunostaining was observed in three of six tumors. These trends in protein expression were common to both pediatric and adult subgroups. Other features, including MUC4 and pan-NTRK, were not evaluable because of insufficient data.
Genetic profile
Various methods have been used to reveal the genomic features of IMMT tumors. Of the 44 tumors, DNA sequencing revealed 18 (41%) tumors with EWSR1 gene fusion. RNA sequencing was performed in six (14%) patients. This analysis identified 16 tumors with EWSR1-ATF1 gene fusion, 14 with EWSR1-CREB1, and 14 with EWSR1-CREM. This proportional ratio of almost 1:1:1 in tumors with three different types of gene fusion was observed in both pediatric and adult cases (Table 1, p = 0.92). In EWSR1-ATF1 tumors, five out of eight tumors had the predicted fusion transcript of exons 1-8 of EWSR1 to exons 1-5 of ATF1. In tumors with EWSR1-CREB1 gene fusion, four of eight had fused transcript of exons 1-8 of EWSR1 to exons 1-7 of CREB1. By contrast, EWSR1-CREM tumors had a variety of fusion transcript; three had the predicted fusion transcript of exons 1-7 of EWSR1 to exons 1-7 of CREM, and two had exons 1-9 of EWSR1 to exons 1-7 of CREM. Except for our case with MAP3K13 gene mutation, no other possible pathogenic single nucleotide variants were reported in these tumors.
Surgical outcome and adjuvant therapy
The extent of resection (EOR) was available for 34 of 44 reported cases. Gross total resection (GTR) was achieved in 23 (68%) of 34 patients. Specifically, 11 (65%) pediatric and 12 (71%) adult patients underwent GTR. In pediatric patients, subtotal resection (STR) was achieved in three patients with convexity tumors, two with CP-angle tumors, and one with intraparenchymal tumor. No statistically significant difference was observed between the EOR and tumor location or age. Following resection, 7 of 31 patients received any type of adjuvant therapy (chemotherapy, radiotherapy, or both). Patients with STR received adjuvant therapy more frequently than those with GTR (p = 0.02). In pediatric patients, 10 who achieved GTR did not receive adjuvant treatment. However, three out of six STR patients received adjuvant therapy. By contrast, 2 of 12 adult GTR patients and 2 of 5 adult STRs received adjuvant therapy, suggesting that adult patients were more likely to receive adjuvant therapy even following GTR.
EOR, recurrence, and disease progression
Recurrence after GTR or disease progression following STR was not rare for patients with IMMTs harboring EWSR1 rearrangement. Among 38 patients whose oncological outcomes were available, 21 (55%) experienced recurrence or disease progression. Specifically, 11 (52%) of 21 pediatric patients and 6 (35%) of 17 adult patients experienced recurrence or progression (no significant difference [p = 0.29]). The Kaplan-Meier curve for PFS in pediatric and adult patients is shown in Fig. 3A, with a median PFS of 28 months in the pediatric group (95% confidence interval [CI], 9-60) and a median PFS of 54 months in the adult group (95% CI, 11-120). The estimation of PFS in these two subgroups was not significantly different (p = 0.74, log-rank test). When stratified by EOR, the median PFS periods in the GTR (n = 21) and STR (n = 11) subgroups were 60 months (95% CI, 9-120) and 12 months (95% CI, 2-54), respectively (Fig. 3B). The estimated PFS period was significantly longer in the GTR than in the STR group (p = 0.02).
In 16 pediatric patients with sufficient data on EOR and oncological outcomes (Fig. 3C), patients with GTR alone had the longest median PFS (60 months [95% CI, 6-60]), followed by patients with STR plus any adjuvant therapy (28 months [95% CI, 3-28]). STR without any adjuvant therapy provided the shortest PFS (6 months [95% CI, 2-12]). The estimation of PFS in these pediatric subgroups was significantly different (p = 0.04, log-rank test). The post-hoc analysis using Holm method confirmed the significant longer PFS of patients with GTR alone than those with STR alone, but there is no statistical difference between STR with adjuvant therapy and STR alone.
Discussion
This study provides detailed radiological, histological, immunohistochemical, and genetic characteristics of pediatric IMMTs with EWSR1-CREM gene fusion. We clarified that pediatric IMMTs with EWSR1 rearrangement share many clinical, radiological, histopathological, and genomic features with adult cases. These characteristics include female dominance, the tumor location in contact with the dura mater, and imaging features in MR images. Additionally, pediatric and adult patients share the immunohistochemical profiles, including desmin and CD99. However, clinical symptoms at presentation differed significantly between the two subgroups. Signs of elevated ICP, including nausea, vomiting, abducens nerve palsy, and papilledema, were more frequently observed in pediatric patients than in adults. We speculate that the physiological difference can explain the fact that the pediatric patients with brain tumors, including IMMTs with EWSR1 rearrangements, present with elevated ICP signs more frequently than adult patients.
Interestingly, three kinds of gene fusion, namely, EWSR1-ATF1, EWSR1-CREB1, and EWSR1-CREM, were identified at equal frequency in pediatric and adult cases with EWSR1 rearrangements. In addition, when stratified by three types of gene fusion, no significant difference was observed in age, sex, clinical symptoms/signs, location of tumor, imaging and immunohistochemical features, EOR, adjuvant therapy, and PFS. This clearly indicates that the fusion partner genes cannot be speculated from clinical, radiological, and histological features. Therefore, a reliable method for the accurate detection of fusion partner genes in IMMTs with EWSR1 rearrangements is mandatory. To date, FISH assay using break-apart probes has been the gold standard for detecting EWSR1 rearrangements with high sensitivity and specificity. However, this approach cannot identify the fusion target genes. As in our pediatric case with EWSR1-CREM fusion, FISH assay revealed the EWSR1 rearrangement, followed by NGS to confirm the EWSR1-CREM gene fusion. Therefore, a sequencing-based approach, including NGS, is useful for clarifying fusion partners to EWSR1. One problem with sequencing assays is that genome sequencing is not always available in many clinical settings.25) Accumulation of sequencing data regarding IMMTs with EWSR1 rearrangements will help in identifying the optimal patient subgroups, timing, and selection of sequencing method and may contribute to improved prognosis.
Although the median PFS period in the two age subgroups did not differ significantly (28 months in pediatric patients and 54 months in adults) (Fig. 3A), patients who achieved GTR displayed a longer PFS than patients with STR (Fig. 3B). Although one-third of patients in both subgroups obtained STR, postoperative radiotherapy was less frequently administered for pediatric patients. It is generally accepted that radiotherapy for pediatric patients with brain tumors has a higher risk of cognitive decline than for adults. When focusing on pediatric patients with sufficient data on surgical outcomes, adjuvant therapy, and oncological outcomes (Fig. 3C), GTR patients without adjuvant therapy demonstrated the longest PFS period (median, 60 months), followed by STR patients who received adjuvant therapy (28 months). Patients with STR without adjuvant therapy achieved the shortest PFS period of 6 months. Owing to the small patient number in the subgroups, we could not conclude if adjuvant therapy followed by STR was needed or not in pediatric population. In addition, it has not been clarified that GTR alone provides sufficient disease control for a long-term period. Although the details of radiotherapy for pediatric IMMT patients in this study, including the radiation dose and the irradiated field, are not available, this analysis provides basic data regarding the survival outcomes of pediatric STR patients without postoperative adjuvant therapy, including radiotherapy.
Regardless of the patient age, the molecular mechanism of tumorigenesis in EWSR1 rearrangements has not yet been clarified. However, the fusion translocated the 5′ coding exons of EWSR1 to the 3′ coding exons of either ATF1, CREB1, or CREM, resulting in the predicted fusion transcripts comprising the N-terminus of EWSR1 and C-terminus of one of the three genes. In our analysis, most breakpoints in EWSR1 were observed in introns 7 or 8. Unfortunately, no more detailed information is available in the literature review. Recently, chromoplexy, the disruption of multiple genomic regions through multiple breakpoints in multiple chromosomes, was identified in Ewing sarcomas with EWSR1-FLI1 fusion26) as accumulated translocations. Although this phenomenon has not been found in any of the three fusion patterns in IMMTs, further studies with detailed genomic analysis are warranted.
In NGS analysis, a pathogenic mutation in MAP3K13 was identified. The same variant at this location (185184675 in GRCh37) has not been reported in ClinVar (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/clinvar/), a public archive of human genetic variants, and interpretations of their significance to disease. MAP3K13 is widely known to regulate JNK and NF-kappaB pathways,27) which are active players in tumorigenesis. In fact, high MAP3K13 expression is associated with poor survival outcomes in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma28) and breast cancer.29)MAP3K13 upregulates c-Myc, one of the major oncogenes in human cancer, and is known to lead to tumorigenesis. So, far, the relationship between the EWSR1-CREM fusion protein and MAP3K13 mutation in our case remains unknown. Clarifying these mechanisms may provide potential therapeutic targets.
In summary, we report a pediatric IMMT case with both EWSR1-CREM gene fusion and MAP3K13 mutation with a detailed comparison of pediatric and adult IMMT cases harboring EWSR1 rearrangement. Although many common features across clinical, radiological, immunohistochemical, and genetic profiles were observed, some important differences, including symptoms at presentation, adjuvant therapy following subtotal resection, and disease control, were identified. Future studies with a greater emphasis on more detailed cytogenetic alterations may contribute to clarifying the mechanisms of tumorigenesis and molecular therapeutic targets.
Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate
Ethical approval was not applicable to this case report. Written consent was obtained from the patient's parents to participate in this case report.
Consent for Publication
Written informed consent was obtained from the patient's parents for the publication of this case report and any accompanying images. A copy of the written consent is available for review by the Editor-in-Chief of this journal.
Conflicts of Interest Disclosure
The authors report no conflict of interest concerning the materials or methods used in this study or the findings specified in this paper.
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