Non-nuclear energy: Technologies and challenges

Abstract

Approximately 90% of the energy that mankind uses comes from fossil fuel. Therefore, the most critical factor to solve the problem of nuclear energy replacement is the improvement of fossil fuel utilization efficiency, rather than the aggressive introduction of renewable energy sources. Renewable energies originated in the medieval era, and their low efficiency creates a huge burden on the ecosystem, if an enormous volume is utilized. Management technologies of optimum energy portfolios are also very important.