Basaloid cell carcinoma (BSC) is rare disease with poor prognosis. Here we report a case of BSC resected by endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) and summarize the clinicopathological characteristics of BSC. An 80-year-old man was referred to our hospital because of an enlarging and protruding lesion three months after ESD. A pathological evaluation of the previous ESD revealed squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), and the horizontal margin was suspected to be positive. Our further investigation showed bulging mucosa with rough surface depressions on the top surrounded by normal epithelium at 34 cm from the incisor teeth. The lesion appeared to be growing into subepithelial layer and was temporarily diagnosed as BSC or poorly-differentiated SCC. The patient underwent ESD. The final pathological diagnosis was BSC, and the margin was negative. Radiation therapy was performed as an additional therapy, and the patient is now doing well without recurrence.
