THE EFFECT OF AWARENESS ON PERFORMANCE GAINS IN CONCEPT CONDITIONING

HAJIME YOSHIDA

doi:10.4992/psycholres1954.17.79

HAJIME YOSHIDA

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JOURNAL FREE ACCESS

1975 Volume 17 Issue 2 Pages 79-86

DOI https://doi.org/10.4992/psycholres1954.17.79

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Published: July 30, 1975 Received: February 12, 1975 Available on J-STAGE: February 24, 2009 Accepted: - Advance online publication: - Revised: -
Correction information
Date of correction: February 24, 2009 Reason for correction: - Correction: AUTHOR Details: Wrong : HAJIME YOSHIDA¹⁾²⁾
Right : HAJIME YOSHIDA¹⁾

Date of correction: February 24, 2009 Reason for correction: - Correction: AFFILIATION Details: Wrong :
1) Department of Educational Psychology, Kyushu University
2) Department of Educational Psychology, Miyazaki University

Right :
1) Department of Educational Psychology, Kyushu University

Date of correction: February 24, 2009 Reason for correction: - Correction: CITATION Details: Wrong : BOUSFIELD, W. A. 1953 The occurrence of clustering in the recall of randomly arranged associates. Journal of General Psychology, 49, 229-240.
DENIKE, L. D. 1964 The temporal relationship between awareness and reinforcement in verbal conditioning. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 68, 521-529.
GREENSPOON, J. 1955 The reinforcing effect of two spoken sounds on the frequency of two responses. American Journal of Psychology, 68, 409-416.
GREENSPOON, J. 1962 Verbal conditioning and clinical psychology. In A. J. Bachrach (Ed.), Experimental foundations of clinical psychology. N.Y.: Basic Books, Pp. 510-553.
KANFER, F. H. 1968 Verbal conditioning: A review of its current status. In T. R. Dixon & D. L. Horton (Eds.), Verbal behavior and general behavior theory. Englewood Cliffs, N. J.: Prentice Hall.
KENNEDY, T. D. 1971 Reinforcement frequency, task characteristics, and interval of awareness assessment as factors in verbal conditioning without awareness. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 85, 103-112.
KRASNER, L. 1958 Studies of the conditioning of verbal behavior. Psychological Bulliten, 55, 148-170.
LEVIN, S. M. 1961 The effects of awareness on verbal conditioning. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 61, 67-75.
POSTMAN, L., & SASSENRATH, J. M. 1961 The automatic action of verbal rewards and punishments. Journal of General Psychology, 65, 109-136.
SPIELBERGER, C. D. 1962 The role of awareness in verbal conditioning. In C. W. Eriksen (Ed.), Behavior and awareness. Durham: Duke University Press, Pp. 73-101.
SPIELBERGER, C. D., & DENIKE, L. D. 1966 Descriptive behaviorism versus cognitive theory in verbal operant conditioning. Psychological Review, 73, 306-326.
SPIELBERGER, C. D., BERNSTEIN, I. H., & RATLIFF, R. G. 1966 Information and incentive value of the reinforcing stimulus in verbal conditioning. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 71, 26-31.
TAFFEL, C. 1955 Anxiety and the conditioning of verbal behavior. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 51, 496-501.
YOSHIDA, H. 1973a The effect of awareness on the performance gains in verbal conditioning. The Japanese Journal of Psychology, 44, 135-140. (In Japanese with English Summary)
YOSHIDA, H. 1973b The distinction of two types in verbal conditioning: “concept” conditioning and “association” conditioning. The Japanese Journal of Psychology, 44, 241-249. (In Japanese with English Summary)

Right : BOUSFIELD, W. A. 1953 The occurrence of clustering in the recall of randomly arranged associates. Journal of General Psychology, 49, 229-240.
DENIKE, L. D. 1964 The temporal relationship between awareness and reinforcement in verbal conditioning. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 68, 521-529.
GREENSPOON, J. 1955 The reinforcing effect of two spoken sounds on the frequency of two responses. American Journal of Psychology, 68, 409-416.
GREENSPOON, J. 1962 Verbal conditioning and clinical psychology. In A. J. Bachrach (Ed.), Experimental foundations of clinical psychology. N. Y.: Basic Books, Pp.510-553.
KANFER, F. H. 1968 Verbal conditioning: A review of its current status. In T. R. Dixon & D. L. Horton (Eds.), Verbal behavior and general behavior theory. Englewood Cliffs, N. J.: Prentice Hall.
KENNEDY, T. D. 1971 Reinforcement frequency, task characteristics, and interval of awareness assessment as factors in verbal conditioning without awareness. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 85, 103-112.
KRASNER, L. 1958 Studies of the conditioning of verbal behavior. Psychological Bulliten, 55, 148-170.
LEVIN, S. M. 1961 The effects of awareness on verbal conditioning. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 61, 67-75.
POSTMAN, L., & SASSENRATH, J. M. 1961 The automatic action of verbal rewards and punishments. Journal of General Psychology, 65, 109-136.
SPIELBERGER, C. D. 1962 The role of awareness in verbal conditioning. In C. W. Eriksen (Ed.), Behavior and awareness. Durham: Duke University Press, Pp.73-101.
SPIELBERGER, C. D., & DENIKE, L. D. 1966 Descriptive behaviorism versus cognitive theory in verbal operant conditioning. Psychological Review, 73, 306-326.
SPIELBERGER, C. D., BERNSTEIN, I. H., & RATLIFF, R. G. 1966 Information and incentive value of the reinforcing stimulus in verbal conditioning. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 71, 26-31.
TAFFEL, C. 1955 Anxiety and the conditioning of verbal behavior. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 51, 496-501.
YOSHIDA, H. 1973a The effect of awareness on the performance gains in verbal conditioning. The Japanese Journal of Psychology, 44, 135-140.(In Japanese with English Summary)
YOSHIDA, H. 1973b The distinction of two types in verbal conditioning:“concept” conditioning and “association” conditioning. The Japanese Journal of Psychology, 44, 241-249.(In Japanese with English Summary)

Date of correction: February 24, 2009 Reason for correction: - Correction: PDF FILE Details: -

Date of correction: February 24, 2009 Reason for correction: - Correction: ABSTRACT Details: Wrong : The study investigated the temporal relationship between performance gains and awareness in concept conditioning. The Ss were required to select I of the 4 words of 4 different concepts. Awareness of the concept and the contingency between responses and reinforcement was evaluated by means of a postconditioning interview. Successful conditioning was found in Ss who had acquired the concept. The performance increased after Ss acquired the concept, though performance in these Ss did not increase prior to reports of the concepts. Performance gains were not found in Ss who were merely aware of the contingency, nor in Ss who were not aware of the contingency. The results suggest that performance gains in concept conditioning are not mediated by awareness of the contingency, but mediated by awareness of the concept.
Right : The study investigated the temporal relationship between performance gains and awareness in concept conditioning. The Ss were required to select 1 of the 4 words of 4 different concepts. Awareness of the concept and the contingency between responses and reinforcement was evaluated by means of a postconditioning interview. Successful conditioning was found in Ss who had acquired the concept. The performance increased after Ss acquired the concept, though performance in these Ss did not increase prior to reports of the concepts. Performance gains were not found in Ss who were merely aware of the contingency, nor in Ss who were not aware of the contingency. The results suggest that performance gains in concept conditioning are not mediated by awareness of the contingency, but mediated by awareness of the concept.

Date of correction: February 24, 2009 Reason for correction: - Correction: CITATION Details: Wrong : BOUSFIELD, W. A. 1953 The occurrence of clustering in the recall of randomly arranged associates. Journal of General Psychology, 49, 229-240.
DENIKE, L. D. 1964 The temporal relationship between awareness and reinforcement in verbal conditioning. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 68, 521-529.
GREENSPOON, J. 1955 The reinforcing effect of two spoken sounds on the frequency of two responses. American Journal of Psychology, 68, 409-416.
GREENSPOON, J. 1962 Verbal conditioning and clinical psychology. In A. J. Bachrach (Ed.), Experimental foundations of clinical psychology. N. Y.: Basic Books, Pp.510-553.
KANFER, F. H. 1968 Verbal conditioning: A review of its current status. In T. R. Dixon & D. L. Horton (Eds.), Verbal behavior and general behavior theory. Englewood Cliffs, N. J.: Prentice Hall.
KENNEDY, T. D. 1971 Reinforcement frequency, task characteristics, and interval of awareness assessment as factors in verbal conditioning without awareness. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 85, 103-112.
KRASNER, L. 1958 Studies of the conditioning of verbal behavior. Psychological Bulliten, 55, 148-170.
LEVIN, S. M. 1961 The effects of awareness on verbal conditioning. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 61, 67-75.
POSTMAN, L., & SASSENRATH, J. M. 1961 The automatic action of verbal rewards and punishments. Journal of General Psychology, 65, 109-136.
SPIELBERGER, C. D. 1962 The role of awareness in verbal conditioning. In C. W. Eriksen (Ed.), Behavior and awareness. Durham: Duke University Press, Pp.73-101.
SPIELBERGER, C. D., & DENIKE, L. D. 1966 Descriptive behaviorism versus cognitive theory in verbal operant conditioning. Psychological Review, 73, 306-326.
SPIELBERGER, C. D., BERNSTEIN, I. H., & RATLIFF, R. G. 1966 Information and incentive value of the reinforcing stimulus in verbal conditioning. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 71, 26-31.
TAFFEL, C. 1955 Anxiety and the conditioning of verbal behavior. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 51, 496-501.
YOSHIDA, H. 1973a The effect of awareness on the performance gains in verbal conditioning. The Japanese Journal of Psychology, 44, 135-140.(In Japanese with English Summary)
YOSHIDA, H. 1973b The distinction of two types in verbal conditioning:“concept” conditioning and “association” conditioning. The Japanese Journal of Psychology, 44, 241-249.(In Japanese with English Summary)

Right : BOUSFIELD, W. A. 1953 The occurrence of clustering in the recall of randomly arranged associates. Journal of General Psychology, 49, 229-240.
DENIKE, L. D. 1964 The temporal relationship between awareness and reinforcement in verbal conditioning. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 68, 521-529.
GREENSPOON, J. 1955 The reinforcing effect of two spoken sounds on the frequency of two responses. American Journal of Psychology, 68, 409-416.
GREENSPOON, J. 1962 Verbal conditioning and clinical psychology. In A. J. Bachrach (Ed.), Experimental foundations of clinical psychology. N. Y.: Basic Books, Pp.510-553.
KANFER, F. H. 1968 Verbal conditioning: A review of its current status. In T. R. Dixon & D. L. Horton (Eds.), Verbal behavior and general behavior theory. Englewood Cliffs, N. J.: Prentice Hall.
KENNEDY, T. D. 1971 Reinforcement frequency, task characteristics, and interval of awareness assessment as factors in verbal conditioning without awareness. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 85, 103-112.
KRASNER, L. 1958 Studies of the conditioning of verbal behavior. Psychological Bulliten, 55, 148-170.
LEVIN, S. M. 1961 The effects of awareness on verbal conditioning. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 61, 67-75.
POSTMAN, L., & SASSENRATH, J. M. 1961 The automatic action of verbal rewards and punishments. Journal of General Psychology, 65, 109-136.
SPIELBERGER, C. D. 1962 The role of awareness in verbal conditioning. In C. W. Eriksen (Ed.), Behavior and awareness. Durham: Duke University Press, Pp.73-101.
SPIELBERGER, C. D. & DENIKE, L. D. 1966 Descriptive behaviorism versus cognitive theory in verbal operant conditioning. Psychological Review, 73, 306-326.
SPIELBERGER, C. D., BERNSTEIN, I. H., & RATLIFF, R. G. 1966 Information and incentive value of the reinforcing stimulus in verbal conditioning. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 71, 26-31.
TAFFEL, C. 1955 Anxiety and the conditioning of verbal behavior. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 51, 496-501.
YOSHIDA, H. 1973a The effect of awareness on the performance gains in verbal conditioning. The Japanese Journal of Psychology, 44, 135-140.(In Japanese with English Summary)
YOSHIDA, H. 1973b The distinction of two types in verbal conditioning: “concept” conditioning and “association” conditioning. The Japanese Journal of Psychology, 44, 241-249.(In Japanese with English Summary)

Abstract

The study investigated the temporal relationship between performance gains and awareness in concept conditioning. The Ss were required to select 1 of the 4 words of 4 different concepts. Awareness of the concept and the contingency between responses and reinforcement was evaluated by means of a postconditioning interview. Successful conditioning was found in Ss who had acquired the concept. The performance increased after Ss acquired the concept, though performance in these Ss did not increase prior to reports of the concepts. Performance gains were not found in Ss who were merely aware of the contingency, nor in Ss who were not aware of the contingency. The results suggest that performance gains in concept conditioning are not mediated by awareness of the contingency, but mediated by awareness of the concept.

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