THE EFFECTS OF COVERT MODELING IN REDUCING AVOIDANCE BEHAVIOR

MOTOSHIGE KATO; OSAMI FUKUSHIMA

doi:10.4992/psycholres1954.19.199

MOTOSHIGE KATO, OSAMI FUKUSHIMA

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JOURNAL FREE ACCESS

1977 Volume 19 Issue 4 Pages 199-203

DOI https://doi.org/10.4992/psycholres1954.19.199

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Published: March 30, 1978 Received: September 06, 1977 Available on J-STAGE: February 24, 2009 Accepted: - Advance online publication: - Revised: -
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Date of correction: February 24, 2009 Reason for correction: - Correction: CITATION Details: Wrong : BANDURA, A. (Ed.) 1971 Psychological modeling: Conflicting theories. Aldine, Atherton.
BANDURA, A. 1977 Social learning theory. Engel- wood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
BANDURA, A., & BARAB, P. G. 1973 Processes governing disinhibitory effects through symbolic modeling. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 82, 1-9.
BANDURA, A., BLANCHARD, E. B., & RITTER, B. 1969 The relative efficacy of desensitization and modeling approaches for inducing behavioral, affective, and attitudinal changes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 13, 173-199.
BERGER, S. M. 1962 Conditioning through vicarious instigation. Psychological Review, 69, 450-466.
CAUTERA, J. R. 1970 Covert reinforcement. Behavior Therapy, 1, 33-50.
CAUTELA, J. R. 1971 Covert modeling. Paper presented at the Fifth Annual Meeting of the Association for Advancement of Behavior Therapy, Washington, D. C., September.
CAUTELA, J. R. 1976 The present status of covert modeling. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 6, 323-326.
CAUTELA, J. R., FLANNERY, R., & HANLEY, S. 1974 Covert modeling: An experimental test. Behavior Therapy, 5, 494-502.
GEER, J. H. 1965 The development of a scale to measure fear. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 3, 45-53.
GERST, M. S. 1971 Symbolic coding processes in observational learning. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 19, 7-17.
KAZDIN, A. E. 1974 Covert modeling, model similarity and reduction of avoidance behavior. Behavior Therapy, 5, 325-340.
LANG, P. J., & LAZovIK, A. D. 1963 Experimental desensitization of a phobia. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 66, 519-525.
MEICHENBAUM, D. H. 1971 Examination of model characteristics in reducing avoidance behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 17, 298-307.

Right : BANDURA, A.(Ed.) 1971 Psychological modeling: Conflicting theories. Aldine, Atherton.
BANDURA, A. 1977 Social learning theory. Engelwood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
BANDURA, A., & BARAB, P. G. 1973 Processes governing disinhibitory effects through symbolic modeling. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 82, 1-9.
BANDURA, A., BLANCHARD, E. B., & RITTER, B. 1969 The relative efficacy of desensitization and modeling approaches for inducing behavioral, affective, and attitudinal changes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 13, 173-199.
BERGER, S. M. 1962 Conditioning through vicarious instigation. Psychological Review, 69, 450-466.
CAUTERA, J. R. 1970 Covert reinforcement. Behavior Therapy, 1, 33-50.
CAUTELA, J. R. 1971 Covert modeling. Paper presented at the Fifth Annual Meeting of the Association for Advancement of Behavior Therapy, Washington, D. C., September.
CAUTELA, J. R. 1976 The present status of covert modeling. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 6, 323-326.
CAUTELA, J. R., FLANNERY, R., & HANLEY, S. 1974 Covert modeling: An experimental test. Behavior Therapy, 5, 494-502.
GEER, J. H. 1965 The development of a scale to measure fear. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 3, 45-53.
GERST, M. S. 1971 Symbolic coding processes in observational learning. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 19, 7-17.
KAZDIN, A. E. 1974 Covert modeling, model similarity and reduction of avoidance behavior. Behavior Therapy, 5, 325-340.
LANG, P. J., & LAzovuc, A. D. 1963 Experimental desensitization of a phobia. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 66, 519-525.
MEICHENBAUM, D. H. 1971 Examination of model characteristics in reducing avoidance behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 17, 298-307.

Date of correction: February 24, 2009 Reason for correction: - Correction: PDF FILE Details: -

Date of correction: February 24, 2009 Reason for correction: - Correction: CITATION Details: Wrong : BANDURA, A.(Ed.) 1971 Psychological modeling: Conflicting theories. Aldine, Atherton.
BANDURA, A. 1977 Social learning theory. Engelwood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
BANDURA, A., & BARAB, P. G. 1973 Processes governing disinhibitory effects through symbolic modeling. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 82, 1-9.
BANDURA, A., BLANCHARD, E. B., & RITTER, B. 1969 The relative efficacy of desensitization and modeling approaches for inducing behavioral, affective, and attitudinal changes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 13, 173-199.
BERGER, S. M. 1962 Conditioning through vicarious instigation. Psychological Review, 69, 450-466.
CAUTERA, J. R. 1970 Covert reinforcement. Behavior Therapy, 1, 33-50.
CAUTELA, J. R. 1971 Covert modeling. Paper presented at the Fifth Annual Meeting of the Association for Advancement of Behavior Therapy, Washington, D. C., September.
CAUTELA, J. R. 1976 The present status of covert modeling. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 6, 323-326.
CAUTELA, J. R., FLANNERY, R., & HANLEY, S. 1974 Covert modeling: An experimental test. Behavior Therapy, 5, 494-502.
GEER, J. H. 1965 The development of a scale to measure fear. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 3, 45-53.
GERST, M. S. 1971 Symbolic coding processes in observational learning. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 19, 7-17.
KAZDIN, A. E. 1974 Covert modeling, model similarity and reduction of avoidance behavior. Behavior Therapy, 5, 325-340.
LANG, P. J., & LAzovuc, A. D. 1963 Experimental desensitization of a phobia. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 66, 519-525.
MEICHENBAUM, D. H. 1971 Examination of model characteristics in reducing avoidance behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 17, 298-307.

Right : BANDURA, A.(Ed.) 1971 Psychological modeling: Conflicting theories. Aldine, Atherton.
BANDURA, A. 1977 Social learning theory. Engelwood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
BANDURA, A., & BARAB, P. G. 1973 Processes governing disinhibitory effects through symbolic modeling. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 82, 1-9.
BANDURA, A., BLANCHARD, E. B., & RITTER, B. 1969 The relative efficacy of desensitization and modeling approaches for inducing behavioral, affective, and attitudinal changes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 13, 173-199.
BERGER, S. M. 1962 Conditioning through vicarious instigation. Psychological Review, 69, 450-466.
CAUTERA, J. R. 1970 Covert reinforcement. Behavior Therapy, 1, 33-50.
CAUTELA, J. R. 1971 Covert modeling. Paper presented at the Fifth Annual Meeting of the Association for Advancement of Behavior Therapy, Washington, D. C., September.
CAUTELA, J. R. 1976 The present status of covert modeling. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 6, 323-326.
CAUTELA, J. R., FLANNERY, R., & HANLEY, S. 1974 Covert modeling: An experimental test. Behavior Therapy, 5, 494-502.
GEER, J. H. 1965 The development of a scale to measure fear. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 3, 45-53.
GERST, M. S. 1971 Symbolic coding processes in observational learning. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 19, 7-17.
KAZDIN, A. E. 1974 Covert modeling, model similarity and reduction of avoidance behavior. Behavior Therapy, 5, 325-340.
LANG, P. J., & LAZOVIK, A. D. 1963 Experimental desensitization of a phobia. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 66, 519-525.
MEICHENBAUM, D. H. 1971 Examination of model characteristics in reducing avoidance behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 17, 298-307.

Abstract

The effects of covert modeling were compared with live modeling combined with the similarity of the model (coping versus mastery) in reducing avoidance behavior. To assess the reduction of avoidance behavior, behavioral measures (approach, stroke and hold) and subjective measures (FIS and SD Scale) were used. Covert modeling was not so effective as live modeling. And coping model was effective in both covert and live modeling rather than mastery model. Moreover, the influence of modeling procedures were different on measurement level. Though live-coping group reduced their avoidance behavior on the behavioral measures, they increased their fear on the subjective measures. These results suggest the necessity of further research of covert modeling concerning the modeling procedures compared with observer's characteristics.

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