THE EFFECTS OF PUNISHMENT ON AVOIDANCE BEHAVIOR

HIROSHI IMADA

doi:10.4992/psycholres1954.1959.8_27

HIROSHI IMADA

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1959 Volume 1959 Issue 8 Pages 27-38

DOI https://doi.org/10.4992/psycholres1954.1959.8_27

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Published: 1959 Received: April 30, 1959 Available on J-STAGE: February 24, 2009 Accepted: - Advance online publication: - Revised: -
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Date of correction: February 24, 2009 Reason for correction: - Correction: ABSTRACT Details: Wrong : 1. The effects of various intensities of electric shock punishment on the avoidance response of 72 white rats were studied in a Mowrer-Miller type avoi-dance box.
2. Following the establishment of the avoidance response with 200-v. A.C. US, that response was punished in the extinction phase by 118-, 153-, 200-, 260-, and 340-v. shock for 1 groups of 12 Ss each. One NP group of 10 Ss followed the ordinary extinc-tion procedure.
3. The results of the NP group: a) The resistance to extinction was. significantly greater than that of the P groups. b) The response speed was faster than that of the P groups. c) The response strength decreased, though not significantly. The first two findings indicate the inhibitory effect of punishment.
4. The results of the P groups: a) The median resistance to extinction scores tended to become greater with punishment intensity, but they were alike in three weaker P groups. More Ss in the weaker P groups ceased re-sponding within the first 10 trials of extinction. b) The stronger the punish-ment intensity, the faster the response occurred. c) Very vigorous responses appeared in the two stronger P groups. The above findings indicate the greater facilitative effect of the stronger punishment over the weaker one.
5. A three step analysis of the results was attempted based on the concept of fear drive and the “avoi-dance hypothesis”.

Date of correction: February 24, 2009 Reason for correction: - Correction: CITATION Details: Wrong : 1. BRUSH, F. R. The effects of shock intensity on the acquisition and extinction of an avoidance response in dogs. J. comb. physiol. Psychol., 1957, 50, 547-552.
2. BRUSH, F. R., BRUSH, E. S., & SOLOMON, R.L. Traumatic avoidance learning: The effects of CS-US interval with a delayed-conditioning procedure. J. comp. phrsiol. Ps-ychol., 1955, 48, 285-293.
3. DINSMOOR, J. A. Punishment: I. The avoidance hypothesis. Psychol. Rez,., 1954, 61, 34-46.
4. DINSMOOR, J. A. Punishment: II. An interpretation of empirical findings. Psychol. Re:., 1955, 62, 96-105.
5. DOLLARD, J., & MILLER, N.E. Personality and totchatherapy. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1950.
6. FARBER, I. E. Response fixation under anxiety and non-anxiety conditions. J. exp. Psychol., 1948, 38, 111-131.
7. GWINN, G. T. The effects of punishment on acts motivated by fear. J. exp. Psychol., 1949, 39, 260-269.
8. HILGARD, E. R. Theories of learning. (2nd lid.) New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1956.
9. HILGARD, E. R., & MARQUIS.. D.G. Con-ditioning and learning. New York: Ap-pleton-Century-Crofts, 1940.
10. IWAHARA, S. The statistics in education and p. schology. Tokyo: N ihon Bunka Ka-gakusha, 1957.
11. LOGAN, F. A. A comparison of avoidance and nonavoidance eyelid conditioning. 3. exp. Psychol., 1951, 42, 390-393.
12. MATER, N.R.F. Frustration, the study of behavior without a goal. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1949.
13. ILIAIER, N.R.F., GLASER, N.M., & KLEE, J.B. Studies of abnormal behavior in the rat: III. The development of behavior fixations through frustration. J. exp. Psychol., 1940, 26, 521-546.
14. McGEOCH, J. A., & IRION, A.L. Psy-chology of human learning. New York: Longmans, 1956.
15. MOWRER, O. H. On the dual nature of learning: A reinterpretation of “con-ditioning” and “problem-solving”. Hart. educ. Rev., 1947, Spring, 102-148. From (16), 222-274.
16. MOWRER, O. H. Learning throrv and per-sonality dynamics. New York: Ronald, 1950.
17. MOWRER, O. H. Motivation. Ann. Rez,. Ps ychol., 1952, 419-438.
18. MOWRER, O. H. Two-factor learning theory reconsidered, with special re-ference to secondary reinforcement and the concept of habit. Psychol. Ref., 1956, 63, 114-128.
19. MURATA, K. On the facilitating effects of the noxious stimulation upon learning. ,7inbun Kenkyu (Osaka City Univ.), 1955, 6, 157-172.
20. MU?RATA, K. Punishment: On the effect of verbal punishment upon multiple-selective learning. Jinbun Kenkyu (O-saka City Univ.), 1957, 8, 282-320.
21. MUENZINOER. K.F. Motivation in learn-ing. I. Electric shock for correct re-sponse in the visual discrimination habit. J. comp. Psychol., 1934, 17, 267-977.
22. MUENZINGER, K. I., & FLETCHER, F.M. Motivation in learning. VII. The effect of an enforced delay at the point of choice in the visual discrimination habit. J. comp. Psychol., 1937, 23. 383-392.
23. MUENZINGER, K. F., ERNSTONE, A.H., & RICHARDS, L. Motivation in learning. VIII. Equivalent amount of electric shock for right and wrong responses in a visual discrimination habit. J. comp. Psychol., 1938, 26, 177-185.
24. POSTMAN, L. The history and present status of the law of effect. Psychol. Bull., 1947; 44, 489-563.
25. SCHOENFELD, W. N. An experimental approach to anxiety, escape, and avoi-dance behavior. In P. J. Hoch, & J. Zubin (Eds.), Anxiety. New York: Grune & Stratton, 1950, 70-99.
26. SHEFFIELD, F. D., & TEMMER, H.W. Relative resistance to extinction of escape and avoidance training. Jr. exp. Psychol., 1950, 40, 287-298.
27. SI-IIKANO, T. The effects of punishment on avoidance response administered during its extinction process. Symposi-um (Kwansei Gakuin Univ.). 1958, 1, 218-249.
28. SOLOMON, R. L., KAMIN, L.J., & WYNNE, L.C. Traumatic avoidance learning: The outcomes of several extinction pro-cedures with dogs. 3. abnorm. soc. Psychol., 1953, 48, 291-302.
29. SOLOMON, R. L., & WYNNE, L.C. Trau-matic avoidance learning: Acquisition and extinction in dogs deprived of normal autonomic function. Genet. Psvchol. Nlonogr., 1955, 52, 241-284.
30. THORNDIKE, E. L. Animal intelligence: Ex-perimental studies. New York: Mac-millan, 1911.
31. THORNDIKE, E. L. Human learning. New York: Century, 1931.
32. THORNDIKE, E. L. The fundamentals of learning. New York: Teachers College, 1932.
33. WHITEIS, U.E. Punishment's influence on fear and avoidance. Han. educ. Rev., Fall, 1956. (Japanese translation by NAGASHIMA, S., & SHIMOYAMA, T. Americana, 1957, 3, No. 6, 49-62.)

Right : 1. BRUSH, F. R. The effects of shock intensity on the acquisition and extinction of an avoidance response in dogs. J. comp. physiol. Psychol., 1957, 50, 547-552.
2. BRUSH, F.R., BRUSH, E.S., & SOLOMON, R. L. Traumatic avoidance learning: The effects of CS-US interval with a delayed-conditioning procedure. J. comp. physiol. Phychol., 1955, 48, 285-293.
3. DINSMOOR, J. A. Punishment: I. The avoidance hypothesis. Psychol. Rev., 1954, 61, 34-46.
4. DINSMOOR, J. A. Punishment: II. An interpretation of empirical findings. Psychol. Rev., 1955, 62, 96-105.
5. DOLLARD, J., & MILLER, N.E. Personality and Psychotherapy. New York McGraw-Hill, 1950.
6. FARBER, I. E. Response fixation under anxiety and non-anxiety conditions. J. exp. Psychol., 1948, 38, 111-131.
7. GWINN, G.T. The effects of punishment on acts motivated by fear. J. exp. Psychol., 1949, 39, 260-269.
8. HILGARD, E. R. Theories of learning.(2nd Ed.) New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1956.
9. HILGARD, E. R., & MARQUIS, D. G. Conditioning and learning. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1940.
10. IWAHARA, S. The statistics in education and p.psychology. Tokyo: Nihon Bunka Kagakusha, 1957.
11. LOGAN, F. A. A comparison of avoidance and nonavoidance eyelid conditioning. J. exp. Psychol., 1951, 42, 390-393.
12. MAIER, N.R.F. Frustration, the study of behavior without a goal. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1949.
13. MAIER, N. R. F., GLASER, N. M., & KLEE, J.B. Studies of abnormal behavior in the rat: III. The development of behavior fixations through frustration. J. exp. Psychol., 1940, 26, 521-546.
14. McGEOCH, J. A., & IRRION., A. L. Psychology of human learning. New York: Longmans, 1956.
15. MOWRER, O. H. On the dual nature of learning: A reinterpretation of “conditioning” and “problem-solving” Hart. educ. Rev., 1947, Spring, 102-148. From (16), 222-274.
16. MOWRER, O. H. Learning theory and personality dynamics. New York: Ronald, 1950.
17. MOWRER, O. H. Motivation. Ann. Rev. Psychol., 1952, 419-438.
18. MOWRER, O. H. Two-factor learning theory reconsidered, with special reference to secondary reinforcement and the concept of habit. Psychol. Rev., 1956, 63, 114-128.
19. MURATA, K. On the facilitating effects of the noxious stimulation upon learning. Jinbun Kenkyu (Osaka City Univ.), 1955, 6, 157-172.
20. MURATA, K. Punishment: On the effect of verbal punishment upon multipleselective learning., Jinbun Kenkyu (Osaka City Univ.), 1957, 8, 282-320.
21. MUENZINGER, K.F. Motivation in learning. I. Electric shock for correct response in the visual discrimination habit. J. comp. Psychol., 1934, 17, 267-277.
22. MUENZINCER, K.I., & FLETCHER, F.M. Motivation in learning. VII. The effect of an enforced delay at the point of choice in the visual discrimination habit. J. comp. Psychol., 1937, 23.: 383-392.
23. MUENZINGER, K. F., ERNSTONE, A. H., & RICHARDS, L. Motivation in learning. VIII. Equivalent amount of electric shock for right and wrong responses in a visual discrimination habit. J. comp. Psychol., 1938, 26, 177-185.
24. POSTMAN, L. The history and present status of the law of effect. Psychol. Bull., 1947, 44, 489-563.
25. SCHOENFELD, W. N. An experimental approach to anxiety, escape, and avoidance behavior. In P.J. Hoch, & J. Zubin (Eds.), Anxiety. New York: Grune & Stratton, 1950, 70-99.
26. SHEFFIELD, F.D., & TEMMER, H.W. Relative resistance to extinction of escape and avoidance training. J. exp. Psychol., 1950, 40, 287-298.
27. SHIKANO, T. The effects of punishment on avoidance response administered during its extinction process. Symposium (Kwansei Gakuin Univ.), 1958, 1, 218-249.
28. SOLOMON, R.L., KAMIN, L.J., & WYNNE, L.C. Traumatic avoidance learning: The outcomes of several extinction procedures with dogs. J. abnorm. soc. Psychol., 1953, 48, 291-302.
29. SOLOMON, R. L., & WYNNE, L.C. Traumatic avoidance learning: Acquisition and extinction in dogs deprived of normal autonomic function. Genet. Psychol. Monogr., 1955, 52, 241-284.
30. THORNDIKE, E.L. Animal intelligence: Experimental studies. New York: Macmillan, 1911.
31. THORNDIKE, E.L. Human learning. New York: Century, 1931.
32. THORNDIKE, E. L. The fundamentals of learning. New York: Teachers College, 1932.
33. WHITEIS, U.E. Punishment's influence on fear and avoidance. Harv. educ. Rev., Fall, 1956.(Japanese translation by NAGASHIMA, S., & SHIMOYAMA, T. Americana, 1957, 3, No.6, 49-62.)

Date of correction: February 24, 2009 Reason for correction: - Correction: PDF FILE Details: -

Date of correction: February 24, 2009 Reason for correction: - Correction: CITATION Details: Wrong : 1. BRUSH, F. R. The effects of shock intensity on the acquisition and extinction of an avoidance response in dogs. J. comp. physiol. Psychol., 1957, 50, 547-552.
2. BRUSH, F.R., BRUSH, E.S., & SOLOMON, R. L. Traumatic avoidance learning: The effects of CS-US interval with a delayed-conditioning procedure. J. comp. physiol. Phychol., 1955, 48, 285-293.
3. DINSMOOR, J. A. Punishment: I. The avoidance hypothesis. Psychol. Rev., 1954, 61, 34-46.
4. DINSMOOR, J. A. Punishment: II. An interpretation of empirical findings. Psychol. Rev., 1955, 62, 96-105.
5. DOLLARD, J., & MILLER, N.E. Personality and Psychotherapy. New York McGraw-Hill, 1950.
6. FARBER, I. E. Response fixation under anxiety and non-anxiety conditions. J. exp. Psychol., 1948, 38, 111-131.
7. GWINN, G.T. The effects of punishment on acts motivated by fear. J. exp. Psychol., 1949, 39, 260-269.
8. HILGARD, E. R. Theories of learning.(2nd Ed.) New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1956.
9. HILGARD, E. R., & MARQUIS, D. G. Conditioning and learning. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1940.
10. IWAHARA, S. The statistics in education and p.psychology. Tokyo: Nihon Bunka Kagakusha, 1957.
11. LOGAN, F. A. A comparison of avoidance and nonavoidance eyelid conditioning. J. exp. Psychol., 1951, 42, 390-393.
12. MAIER, N.R.F. Frustration, the study of behavior without a goal. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1949.
13. MAIER, N. R. F., GLASER, N. M., & KLEE, J.B. Studies of abnormal behavior in the rat: III. The development of behavior fixations through frustration. J. exp. Psychol., 1940, 26, 521-546.
14. McGEOCH, J. A., & IRRION., A. L. Psychology of human learning. New York: Longmans, 1956.
15. MOWRER, O. H. On the dual nature of learning: A reinterpretation of “conditioning” and “problem-solving” Hart. educ. Rev., 1947, Spring, 102-148. From (16), 222-274.
16. MOWRER, O. H. Learning theory and personality dynamics. New York: Ronald, 1950.
17. MOWRER, O. H. Motivation. Ann. Rev. Psychol., 1952, 419-438.
18. MOWRER, O. H. Two-factor learning theory reconsidered, with special reference to secondary reinforcement and the concept of habit. Psychol. Rev., 1956, 63, 114-128.
19. MURATA, K. On the facilitating effects of the noxious stimulation upon learning. Jinbun Kenkyu (Osaka City Univ.), 1955, 6, 157-172.
20. MURATA, K. Punishment: On the effect of verbal punishment upon multipleselective learning., Jinbun Kenkyu (Osaka City Univ.), 1957, 8, 282-320.
21. MUENZINGER, K.F. Motivation in learning. I. Electric shock for correct response in the visual discrimination habit. J. comp. Psychol., 1934, 17, 267-277.
22. MUENZINCER, K.I., & FLETCHER, F.M. Motivation in learning. VII. The effect of an enforced delay at the point of choice in the visual discrimination habit. J. comp. Psychol., 1937, 23.: 383-392.
23. MUENZINGER, K. F., ERNSTONE, A. H., & RICHARDS, L. Motivation in learning. VIII. Equivalent amount of electric shock for right and wrong responses in a visual discrimination habit. J. comp. Psychol., 1938, 26, 177-185.
24. POSTMAN, L. The history and present status of the law of effect. Psychol. Bull., 1947, 44, 489-563.
25. SCHOENFELD, W. N. An experimental approach to anxiety, escape, and avoidance behavior. In P.J. Hoch, & J. Zubin (Eds.), Anxiety. New York: Grune & Stratton, 1950, 70-99.
26. SHEFFIELD, F.D., & TEMMER, H.W. Relative resistance to extinction of escape and avoidance training. J. exp. Psychol., 1950, 40, 287-298.
27. SHIKANO, T. The effects of punishment on avoidance response administered during its extinction process. Symposium (Kwansei Gakuin Univ.), 1958, 1, 218-249.
28. SOLOMON, R.L., KAMIN, L.J., & WYNNE, L.C. Traumatic avoidance learning: The outcomes of several extinction procedures with dogs. J. abnorm. soc. Psychol., 1953, 48, 291-302.
29. SOLOMON, R. L., & WYNNE, L.C. Traumatic avoidance learning: Acquisition and extinction in dogs deprived of normal autonomic function. Genet. Psychol. Monogr., 1955, 52, 241-284.
30. THORNDIKE, E.L. Animal intelligence: Experimental studies. New York: Macmillan, 1911.
31. THORNDIKE, E.L. Human learning. New York: Century, 1931.
32. THORNDIKE, E. L. The fundamentals of learning. New York: Teachers College, 1932.
33. WHITEIS, U.E. Punishment's influence on fear and avoidance. Harv. educ. Rev., Fall, 1956.(Japanese translation by NAGASHIMA, S., & SHIMOYAMA, T. Americana, 1957, 3, No.6, 49-62.)

Right : 1. BRUSH, F. R. The effects of shock intensity on the acquisition and extinction of an avoidance response in dogs. J. comp. physiol. Psychol., 1957, 50, 547-552.
2. BRUSH, F. R., BRUSH, E. S., & SOLOMON, R. L. Traumatic avoidance learning: The effects of CS-US interval with a delayed-conditioning procedure. J. coup. physiol. Psychol., 1955, 48, 285-293.
3. DINSMOOR, J. A. Punishment: I. The avoidance hypothesis. Psychol. Rev., 1954, 61, 34-46.
4. DINSMOOR, J. A. Punishment: II. An interpretation of empirical findings. Psychol. Rev., 1955, 62, 96-105.
5. DOLLARD, J., & MILLER, N. E. Personality and psychotherapy. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1950.
6. FARBER, I. E. Response fixation under anxiety and non-anxiety conditions. J. exp. Psychol., 1948, 38, 111-131.
7. GWINN, G. T. The effects of punishment on acts motivated by fear. J. exp. Psychol., 1949, 39, 260-269.
8. HILGARD, E. R. Theories of learning.(2nd Ed.) New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1956.
9. HILGARD, E. R., & MARQUIS, D. G. Conditioning and learning. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1940.
10. IWAHARA, S. The statistics in education and psychology. Tokyo: Nihon Bunka Kagakusha, 1957.
11. LOGAN, F. A. A comparison of avoidance and nonavoidance eyelid conditioning. J. exp. Psychol., 1951, 42, 390-393.
12. MAIER, N. R. F. Frustration, the study of behavior without a goal. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1949.
13. MAIER, N. R. F., GLASER, N. M., & KLEE, J. B. Studies of abnormal behavior in the rat: III. The development of behavior fixations through frustration. J. exp. Psychol., 1940, 26, 521-546.
14. McGEOCH, J. A., & IRION., A. L. Psychology of human learning. New York: Longmans, 1956.
15. MOWRER, O. H. On the dual nature of learning: A reinterpretation of “conditioning” and “problem-solving”. Harv. educ. Rev., 1947, Spring, 102-148. From (16), 222-274.
16. MOWRER, O. H. Learning theory and personality dynamics. New York: Ronald, 1950.
17. MOWRER, O. H. Motivation. Ann. Rev. Psychol., 1952, 419-438.
18. MOWRER, O. H. Two-factor learning theory reconsidered, with special reference to secondary reinforcement and the concept of habit. Psychol. Rev., 1956, 63, 114-128.
19. MURATA, K. On the facilitating effects of the noxious stimulation upon learning. Jinbun Kenkyu (Osaka City Univ.), 1955, 6, 157-172.
20. MURATA, K. Punishment: On the effect of verbal punishment upon multipleselective learning., Jinbun Kenkyu (Osaka City Univ.), 1957, 8, 282-320.
21. MUENZINGER, K. F. Motivation in learning. I. Electric shock for correct response in the visual discrimination habit. J. comp. Psychol., 1934, 17, 267-277.
22. MUENZINCER, K. F., & FLETCHER, F. M. Motivation in learning. VII. The effect of an enforced delay at the point of choice in the visual discrimination habit. J. comp. Psychol., 1937, 23. 383-392.
23. MUENZINGER, K. F., ERNSTONE, A. H., & RICHARDS, L. Motivation in learning. VIII. Equivalent amount of electric shock for right and wrong responses in a visual discrimination habit. J. comp. Psychol., 1938, 26, 177-185.
24. POSTMAN, L. The history and present status of the law of effect. Psychol. Bull., 1947, 44, 489-563.
25. SCHOENFELD, W. N. An experimental approach to anxiety, escape, and avoidance behavior. In P. J. Hoch, & J. Zubin (Eds.), Anxiety. New York: Grune & Stratton, 1950, 70-99.
26. SHEFFIELD, F. D., & TEMMER, H. W. Relative resistance to extinction of escape and avoidance training. J. exp. Psychol., 1950, 40, 287-298.
27. SHIKANO, T. The effects of punishment on avoidance response administered during its extinction process. Symposium (Kwansei Gakuin Univ.), 1958, 1, 218-249.
28. SOLOMON, R. L., KAMIN, L. J., & WYNNE, L. C. Traumatic avoidance learning: The outcomes of several extinction procedures with dogs. J. abnorm. soc. Psychol., 1953, 48, 291-302.
29. SOLOMON, R. L., & WYNNE, L. C. Traumatic avoidance learning: Acquisition and extinction in dogs deprived of normal autonomic function. Genet. Psychol. Monogr., 1955, 52, 241-284.
30. THORNDIKE, E. L. Animal intelligence: Experimental studies. New York: Macmillan, 1911.
31. THORNDIKE, E. L. Human learning. New York: Century, 1931.
32. THORNDIKE, E. L. The fundamentals of learning. New York: Teachers College, 1932.
33. WHITEIS, U. E. Punishment's influence on fear and avoidance. Harv. educ. Rev., Fall, 1956.(Japanese translation by NAGASHIMA, S., & SHIMOYAMA, T. Americana, 1957, 3, No.6, 49-62.)

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