A two-state model of simple reaction time

YASUHARU OKAMOTO

doi:10.4992/psycholres1954.23.184

YASUHARU OKAMOTO

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Keywords: simple reaction times, foreperiods, two-state models

JOURNAL FREE ACCESS

1981 Volume 23 Issue 4 Pages 184-190

DOI https://doi.org/10.4992/psycholres1954.23.184

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Published: March 20, 1982 Received: March 09, 1981 Available on J-STAGE: February 24, 2009 Accepted: July 04, 1981 Advance online publication: - Revised: -
Correction information
Date of correction: February 24, 2009 Reason for correction: - Correction: ABSTRACT Details: Wrong : Two experiments of simple reaction time (RT) were carried out, and a two-state model was proposed. Three and eight undergraduate students served as subjects in Experiments I and II, respectively. In earlier experiments, Okamoto (1980) showed that optimum foreperiod (FP) depends on FP's used and on relative frequencies of these FP's. In Experiment I in this article, the author showed that RT depends also on the FP in the preceding trial, and in Experiment II, he showed that the use of a warning signal had no statistically significant effects on RT. Based on these results, a two-state model of simple reaction time was proposed. This model has the following two major assumptions: (a) The subject occupies one of two states, the prepared and not-prepared states (abbreviated as Sp and Snp). When the subject is in Sp (or in Sup), his RT is short (or long). (b) The probability that the subject enters into Sp from Sup at time t depends on the FP in the preceding trial. This model fits qualitatively to the fact that (a) there is the optimum FP and (b) mean RT depends on the FP in the preceding trial.
Right : Two experiments of simple reaction time (RT) were carried out, and a two-state model was proposed. Three and eight undergraduate students served as subjects in Experiments I and II, respectively. In earlier experiments, Okamoto (1980) showed that optimum foreperiod (FP) depends on FP's used and on relative frequencies of these FP's. In Experiment I in this article, the author showed that RT depends also on the FP in the preceding trial, and in Experiment II, he showed that the use of a warning signal had no statistically significant effects on RT. Based on these results, a two-state model of simple reaction time was proposed. This model has the following two major assumptions: (a) The subject occupies one of two states, the prepared and not-prepared states (abbreviated as Sp and Snp). When the subject is in Sp (or in Snp), his RT is short (or long). (b) The probability that the subject enters into Sp from Snp at time t depends on the FP in the preceding trial. This model fits qualitatively to the fact that (a) there is the optimum FP and (b) mean RT depends on the FP in the preceding trial.

Date of correction: February 24, 2009 Reason for correction: - Correction: CITATION Details: Wrong : Allan, L. G. 1979 The perception of time. Perception & Psychoplysics, 26, 340-354.
Falmagne, J. C. 1965 Stochastic models for choice reaction time with applications to experimental results. Journal of Mathematical Psychology, 2, 77-124.
Green, D. M., & Luce, R. D. 1974 Counting and timing mechanisms in auditory discrimination and reaction time. In D. H. Krantz, R. D. Luce, R. C. Atkinson, & P. Suppes (Eds.), Contemporary developments in mathematical psychology, II: Measurement, psychophysics, and neural information processing. San Francisco: W. H. Freeman and Company. Pp. 372-415.
Grice, G. R. 1977 Information-processing dynamics of human eyelid conditioning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 106, 71-93.
Ida, M. 1980 The application of the Weibull distribution to the analysis of the reaction time data. Japanese Psychological Research, 22, 207-212.
LaBerge, D. 1962 A recruitment theory of simple behavior. Psychometrika, 27, 375-396.
Näätänen, R. 1970 The diminishing timeuncertainty with the lapse of time after the warning signal in reaction-time experiments with varying fore-periods. Acta Psychologica, 30, 399-419.
Näätänen, R. 1971 Non-aging fore-periods and simple reaction time. Acta Psychologica, 35, 316-327.
Näätänen, R., & Merisalo, A. 1977 Expectancy and preparation in simple reaction time. In S. Dorniê (Ed.), Attention and Performance, VI. Hillsdale, N. J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Pp. 115-138.
Okamoto, Y. 1980 Contextual effect in simple reaction time. Japanese Psychological Research, 22, 219-222.
Okamoto, Y. 1981 A two-state model of simple reaction time. Brief Reports, Kyoto University, No. 12.
Ollman, R. T., & Billington, M.J. 1972 The deadline model for simple reaction times. Cognitive Psychology, 3, 311-336.
Thomas, E.A.C. 1967 Reaction-time studies: The anticipation and interaction of responses. The British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology, 20, 1-29.

Right : Allan, L. G. 1979 The perception of time. Perception Psychophysics, 26, 340-354.
Falmagne, J. C. 1965 Stochastic models for choice reaction time with applications to experimental results. Journal of Mathematical Psychology, 2, 77-124.
Green, D. M., & Luce, R. D. 1974 Counting and timing mechanisms in auditory discrimination and reaction time. In D. H. Krantz, R. D. Luce, R. C. Atkinson, & P. Suppes (Eds.), Contemporary developments in mathematical psychology, II: Measurement, psychophysics, and neural information processing. San Francisco: W. H. Freeman and Company. Pp.372-415.
Grice, G. R. 1977 Information-processing dynamics of human eyelid conditioning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 106, 71-93.
Ida, M. 1980 The application of the Weibull distribution to the analysis of the reaction time data. Japanese Psychological Research, 22, 207-212.
LaBerge, D. 1962 A recruitment theory of simple behavior. Psychometrika, 27, 375-396.
Näätänen, R. 1970 The diminishing timeuncertainty with the lapse of time after the warning signal in reaction-time experiments with varying fore-periods. Acta Psychologica, 30, 399-419.
Näätänen, R. 1971 Non-aging fore-periods and simple reaction time. Acta Psychologica, 35, 316-327.
Näätänen, R., & Merisalo, A. 1977 Expectancy and preparation in simple reaction time. In S. Dornic (Ed.), Attention and performance, VI. Hillsdale, N. J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Pp.115-138.
Okamoto, Y. 1980 Contextual effect in simple reaction time. Japanese Psychological Research, 22, 219-222.
Okamoto, Y. 1981 A two-state model of simple reaction time. Brief Reports, Kyoto University, No.12.
Ollman, R. T., & Billington, M. J. 1972 The deadline model for simple reaction times. Cognitive Psychology, 3, 311-336.
Thomas, E. A. C. 1967 Reaction-time studies: The anticipation and interaction of responses. The British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology, 20, 1-29.

Date of correction: February 24, 2009 Reason for correction: - Correction: PDF FILE Details: -

Date of correction: February 24, 2009 Reason for correction: - Correction: ABSTRACT Details: Wrong : Two experiments of simple reaction time (RT) were carried out, and a two-state model was proposed. Three and eight undergraduate students served as subjects in Experiments I and II, respectively. In earlier experiments, Okamoto (1980) showed that optimum foreperiod (FP) depends on FP's used and on relative frequencies of these FP's. In Experiment I in this article, the author showed that RT depends also on the FP in the preceding trial, and in Experiment II, he showed that the use of a warning signal had no statistically significant effects on RT. Based on these results, a two-state model of simple reaction time was proposed. This model has the following two major assumptions: (a) The subject occupies one of two states, the prepared and not-prepared states (abbreviated as Sp and Snp). When the subject is in Sp (or in Snp), his RT is short (or long). (b) The probability that the subject enters into Sp from Snp at time t depends on the FP in the preceding trial. This model fits qualitatively to the fact that (a) there is the optimum FP and (b) mean RT depends on the FP in the preceding trial.
Right : Two experiments of simple reaction time (RT) were carried out, and a two-state model was proposed. Three and eight undergraduate students served as subjects in Experiments I and II, respectively. In earlier experiments, Okamoto (1980) showed that optimum foreperiod (FP) depends on FP's used and on relative frequencies of these FP's. In Experiment I in this article, the author showed that RT depends also on the FP in the preceding trial, and in Experiment II, he showed that the use of a warning signal had no statistically significant effects on RT. Based on these results, a two-state model of simple reaction time was proposed. This model has the following two major assumptions:(a) The subject occupies one of two states, the prepared and not-prepared states (abbreviated as Sp and Snp). When the subject is in Sp (or in Snp), his RT is short (or long).(b) The probability that the subject enters into Sp from Snp at time t depends on the FP in the preceding trial. This model fits qualitatively to the fact that (a) there is the optimum FP and (b) mean RT depends on the FP in the preceding trial.

Date of correction: February 24, 2009 Reason for correction: - Correction: CITATION Details: Wrong : Allan, L. G. 1979 The perception of time. Perception Psychophysics, 26, 340-354.
Falmagne, J. C. 1965 Stochastic models for choice reaction time with applications to experimental results. Journal of Mathematical Psychology, 2, 77-124.
Green, D. M., & Luce, R. D. 1974 Counting and timing mechanisms in auditory discrimination and reaction time. In D. H. Krantz, R. D. Luce, R. C. Atkinson, & P. Suppes (Eds.), Contemporary developments in mathematical psychology, II: Measurement, psychophysics, and neural information processing. San Francisco: W. H. Freeman and Company. Pp.372-415.
Grice, G. R. 1977 Information-processing dynamics of human eyelid conditioning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 106, 71-93.
Ida, M. 1980 The application of the Weibull distribution to the analysis of the reaction time data. Japanese Psychological Research, 22, 207-212.
LaBerge, D. 1962 A recruitment theory of simple behavior. Psychometrika, 27, 375-396.
Näätänen, R. 1970 The diminishing timeuncertainty with the lapse of time after the warning signal in reaction-time experiments with varying fore-periods. Acta Psychologica, 30, 399-419.
Näätänen, R. 1971 Non-aging fore-periods and simple reaction time. Acta Psychologica, 35, 316-327.
Näätänen, R., & Merisalo, A. 1977 Expectancy and preparation in simple reaction time. In S. Dornic (Ed.), Attention and performance, VI. Hillsdale, N. J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Pp.115-138.
Okamoto, Y. 1980 Contextual effect in simple reaction time. Japanese Psychological Research, 22, 219-222.
Okamoto, Y. 1981 A two-state model of simple reaction time. Brief Reports, Kyoto University, No.12.
Ollman, R. T., & Billington, M. J. 1972 The deadline model for simple reaction times. Cognitive Psychology, 3, 311-336.
Thomas, E. A. C. 1967 Reaction-time studies: The anticipation and interaction of responses. The British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology, 20, 1-29.

Right : Allan, L. G. 1979 The perception of time. Perception & Psychophysics, 26, 340-354.
Falmagne, J. C. 1965 Stochastic models for choice reaction time with applications to experimental results.Journal of Mathematical Psychology, 2, 77-124.
Green, D. M., & Luce, R. D. 1974 Counting and timing mechanisms in auditory discrimination and reaction time. In D. H. Krantz, R. D. Luce, R. C. Atkinson, & P. Suppes (Eds.), Contemporary developments in mathematical psychology, II: Measurement, psychophysics, and neural information processing. San Francisco: W. H. Freeman and Company. Pp.372-415.
Grice, G. R. 1977 Information-processing dynamics of human eyelid conditioning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 106, 71-93.
Ida, M. 1980 The application of the Weibull distribution to the analysis of the reaction time data. Japanese Psychological Research, 22, 207-212.
LaBerge, D. 1962 A recruitment theory of simple behavior. Psychometrika, 27, 375-396.
Näätänen, R. 1970 The diminishing timeuncertainty with the lapse of time after the warning signal in reaction-time experiments with varying fore-periods. Acta Psychologica, 30, 399-419.
Näätänen, R. 1971 Non-aging fore-periods and simple reaction time. Acta Psychologica, 35, 316-327.
Näätänen, R., & Merisalo, A. 1977 Expectancy and preparation in simple reaction time. In S. Dornic (Ed.), Attention and performance, VI. Hillsdale, N. J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Pp.115-138.
Okamoto, Y. 1980 Contextual effect in simple reaction time. Japanese Psychological Research, 22, 219-222.
Okamoto, Y. 1981 A two-state model of simple reaction time. Brief Reports, Kyoto University, No.12.
Ollman, R. T., & Billington, M. J. 1972 The deadline model for simple reaction times. Cognitive Psychology, 3, 311-336.
Thomas, E. A. C. 1967 Reaction-time studies: The anticipation and interaction of responses. The British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology, 20, 1-29.

Abstract

Two experiments of simple reaction time (RT) were carried out, and a two-state model was proposed. Three and eight undergraduate students served as subjects in Experiments I and II, respectively. In earlier experiments, Okamoto (1980) showed that optimum foreperiod (FP) depends on FP's used and on relative frequencies of these FP's. In Experiment I in this article, the author showed that RT depends also on the FP in the preceding trial, and in Experiment II, he showed that the use of a warning signal had no statistically significant effects on RT. Based on these results, a two-state model of simple reaction time was proposed. This model has the following two major assumptions:(a) The subject occupies one of two states, the prepared and not-prepared states (abbreviated as Sp and Snp). When the subject is in Sp (or in Snp), his RT is short (or long).(b) The probability that the subject enters into Sp from Snp at time t depends on the FP in the preceding trial. This model fits qualitatively to the fact that (a) there is the optimum FP and (b) mean RT depends on the FP in the preceding trial.

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