Psychophysical scaling of smiling faces

HIROSHI HOJO

doi:10.4992/psycholres1954.29.37

HIROSHI HOJO

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Keywords: psychophysical scaling, maximum likelihood estimation, directional rank orders, facial expressions, Akaike's information criterion (AIC) statistic

JOURNAL FREE ACCESS

1987 Volume 29 Issue 1 Pages 37-41

DOI https://doi.org/10.4992/psycholres1954.29.37

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Published: February 25, 1987 Received: November 04, 1984 Available on J-STAGE: February 24, 2009 Accepted: September 14, 1985 Advance online publication: - Revised: -
Correction information
Date of correction: February 24, 2009 Reason for correction: - Correction: TITLE Details: [in Japanese]

Date of correction: February 24, 2009 Reason for correction: - Correction: SUBTITLE Details: [in Japanese]

Date of correction: February 24, 2009 Reason for correction: - Correction: CITATION Details: Wrong : Akaike, H. 1974 A new look at the statistical model identification. IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control, 19, 716-723.
Hojo, H. 1985 Psychophysical scaling of dot dispersion. Japanese Psychological Research, 27, 1-10.
Hojo, H. 1986 Psychophysical scaling of similarity of pentagons. Japanese Psychological Research, 28, 11-20.
Inukai, Y. 1981 Analysis of perceptual dimensions of schematic facial expressions via three-way multidimensional scaling. Behaviormetrika, 9, 1-20.
Inukai, Y., Shinohara, M., & Nakamura, K. 1977 A multidimensional scaling analysis of schematic facial expressions. Bulletin of Industrial Products Research Institute, 81, 21-30. (In Japanese)
Shepherd, J., Davies, G., & Ellis, H. 1981 Studies of cue saliency. In G. Davies, H. Ellis & J. Shepherd (Eds.), Perceiving and remembering faces. New York: Academic Press. Pp. 105-131.
Takane, Y. 1978 A maximum likelihood method for nonmetric multidimensional scaling: I. The case in which all empirical pairwise orderings are independent-theory. Japanese Psychological Research, 20, 7-17.
Takane, Y. 1981 Multidimensional successive categories scaling: A maximum likelihood method. Psychometrika, 46, 9-28.
Takane, Y. 1982 Maximum likelihood additivity analysis. Psychometrika, 47, 225-241.
Takane, Y., & Carroll, J. D. 1981 Nonmetric maximum likelihood multidimensional scaling from directional rankings of similarities. Psychometrika, 46, 389-405.
Takane, Y., & Sergent, J. 1983 Multidimensional scaling models for reaction times and samedifferent judgments. Psychometrika, 48, 393-423.
Tone, K. 1981 BASIC. (Microcomputer programs series 1.) Baifukan. (In Japanese)

Right : Akaike, H. 1974 A new look at the statistical model identification. IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control, 19, 716-723.
Hojo, H. 1985 Psychophysical scaling of dot dispersion. Japanese Psychological Research, 27, 1-10.
Hojo, H. 1986 Psychophysical scaling of similarity of pentagons. Japanese Psychological Research, 28, 11-20.
Inukai, Y. 1981 Analysis of perceptual dimensions of schematic facial expressions via three-way multidimensional scaling. Behaviormetrika, 9, 1-20.
Inukai, Y., Shinohara, M., & Nakamura, K. 1977 A multidimensional scaling analysis of schematic facial expressions. Bulletin of Industrial Products Research Institute, 81, 21-30.(In Japanese)
Shepherd, J., Davies, G., & Ellis, H. 1981 Studies of cue saliency. In G. Davies, H. Ellis & J. Shepherd (Eds.), Perceiving and remembering faces. New York: Academic Press. Pp.105-131.
Takane, Y. 1978 A maximum likelihood method for nonmetric multidimensional scaling: I. The case in which all empirical pairwise orderings are independent-theory. Japanese Psychological Research, 20, 7-17.
Takane, Y. 1981 Multidimensional successive categories scaling: A maximum likelihood method. Psychometrika, 46, 9-28.
Takane, Y. 1982 Maximum likelihood additivity analysis. Psychometrika, 47, 225-241.
Takane, Y., & Carroll, J. D. 1981 Nonmetric maximum likelihood multidimensional scaling from directional rankings of similarities. Psychometrika, 46, 389-405.
Takane, Y., & Sergent, J. 1983 Multidimensional scaling models for reaction times and samedifferent judgments. Psychometrika, 48, 393-423.
Tone, K. 1981 BASIC.(Microcomputer programs series 1.) Baifukan.(In Japanese)

Date of correction: February 24, 2009 Reason for correction: - Correction: PDF FILE Details: -

Date of correction: February 24, 2009 Reason for correction: - Correction: ABSTRACT Details: Wrong : Sixteen schematic faces with two defining properties of eyes and lips drawn by arcs with varying curvatures were rank ordered by 37 university students according to their perceived intensities of smiling. The data were analyzed by a nonmetric maximum likelihood scaling method for directional rank order data. The analysis revealed (a) that the unconstrained model assuming no psychophysical relationships between the two curvatures of eyes and lips and the judged intensity of smiling fits the data better than a psychophysical function having a linear combination of the two curvatures as an independent variable, or than an additive function of two psychological effects elicited by eyes and lips, respectively; (b) but that the psychophysical function with a term of interaction effects between the two properties is the most appropriate model of the perceived intensity of smiling; (c) that eyes are interpreted twice as important as lips in perception of intensity of smiling of faces.
Right : Sixteen schematic faces with two defining properties of eyes and lips drawn by arcs with varying curvatures were rank ordered by 37 university students according to their perceived intensities of smiling. The data were analyzed by a nonmetric maximum likelihood scaling method for directional rank order data. The analysis revealed (a) that the unconstrained model assuming no psychophysical relationships between the two curvatures of eyes and lips and the judged intensity of smiling fits the data better than a psychophysical function having a linear combination of the two curvatures as an independent variable, or than an additive function of two psychological effects elicited by eyes and lips, respectively;(b) but that the psychophysical function with a term of interaction effects between the two properties is the most appropriate model of the perceived intensity of smiling;(c) that eyes are interpreted twice as important as lips in perception of intensity of smiling of faces.

Date of correction: February 24, 2009 Reason for correction: - Correction: CITATION Details: Wrong : Akaike, H. 1974 A new look at the statistical model identification. IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control, 19, 716-723.
Hojo, H. 1985 Psychophysical scaling of dot dispersion. Japanese Psychological Research, 27, 1-10.
Hojo, H. 1986 Psychophysical scaling of similarity of pentagons. Japanese Psychological Research, 28, 11-20.
Inukai, Y. 1981 Analysis of perceptual dimensions of schematic facial expressions via three-way multidimensional scaling. Behaviormetrika, 9, 1-20.
Inukai, Y., Shinohara, M., & Nakamura, K. 1977 A multidimensional scaling analysis of schematic facial expressions. Bulletin of Industrial Products Research Institute, 81, 21-30.(In Japanese)
Shepherd, J., Davies, G., & Ellis, H. 1981 Studies of cue saliency. In G. Davies, H. Ellis & J. Shepherd (Eds.), Perceiving and remembering faces. New York: Academic Press. Pp.105-131.
Takane, Y. 1978 A maximum likelihood method for nonmetric multidimensional scaling: I. The case in which all empirical pairwise orderings are independent-theory. Japanese Psychological Research, 20, 7-17.
Takane, Y. 1981 Multidimensional successive categories scaling: A maximum likelihood method. Psychometrika, 46, 9-28.
Takane, Y. 1982 Maximum likelihood additivity analysis. Psychometrika, 47, 225-241.
Takane, Y., & Carroll, J. D. 1981 Nonmetric maximum likelihood multidimensional scaling from directional rankings of similarities. Psychometrika, 46, 389-405.
Takane, Y., & Sergent, J. 1983 Multidimensional scaling models for reaction times and samedifferent judgments. Psychometrika, 48, 393-423.
Tone, K. 1981 BASIC.(Microcomputer programs series 1.) Baifukan.(In Japanese)

Right : Akaike, H. 1974 A new look at the statistical model identification. IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control, 19, 716-723.
Hojo, H. 1985 Psychophysical scaling of dot dispersion. Japanese Psychological Research, 27, 1-10.
Hojo, H. 1986 Psychophysical scaling of similarity of pentagons. Japanese Psychological Research, 28, 11-20.
Inukai, Y. 1981 Analysis of perceptual dimensions of schematic facial expressions via three-way multidimensional scaling. Behaviormetrika, 9, 1-20.
Inukai, Y., Shinohara, M., & Nakamura, K. 1977 A multidimensional scaling analysis of schematic facial expressions. Bulletin of Industrial Products Research Institute, 81, 21-30.(In Japanese)
Shepherd, J., Davies, G., & Ellis, H. 1981 Studies of cue saliency. In G. Davies, H. Ellis & J. Shepherd (Eds.), Perceiving and remembering faces. New York: Academic Press. Pp.105-131.
Takane, Y. 1978 A maximum likelihood method for nonmetric multidimensional scaling: I. The case in which all empirical pairwise orderings are independent-theory. Japanese Psychological Research, 20, 7-17.
Takane, Y. 1981 Multidimensional successive categories scaling: A maximum likelihood method. Psychometrika, 46, 9-28.
Takane, Y. 1982 Maximum likelihood additivity analysis. Psychometrika, 47, 225-241.
Takane, Y., & Carroll, J. D. 1981 Nonmetric maximum likelihood multidimensional scaling from directional rankings of similarities. Psychometrika, 46, 389-405.
Takane, Y., & Sergent, J. 1983 Multidimensional scaling models for reaction times and same different judgments. Psychometrika, 48, 393-423.
Tone, K. 1981 BASIC.(Microcomputer programs series 1.) Baifukan.(In Japanese)

Abstract

Sixteen schematic faces with two defining properties of eyes and lips drawn by arcs with varying curvatures were rank ordered by 37 university students according to their perceived intensities of smiling. The data were analyzed by a nonmetric maximum likelihood scaling method for directional rank order data. The analysis revealed (a) that the unconstrained model assuming no psychophysical relationships between the two curvatures of eyes and lips and the judged intensity of smiling fits the data better than a psychophysical function having a linear combination of the two curvatures as an independent variable, or than an additive function of two psychological effects elicited by eyes and lips, respectively;(b) but that the psychophysical function with a term of interaction effects between the two properties is the most appropriate model of the perceived intensity of smiling;(c) that eyes are interpreted twice as important as lips in perception of intensity of smiling of faces.

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