Effects of negative contingency upon conditioned suppression of licking in rats Systematic manipulations of session length and number of shocks

KATSUYA KITAGUCHI; HIROSHI IMADA

doi:10.4992/psycholres1954.37.210

Effects of negative contingency upon conditioned suppression of licking in rats

Systematic manipulations of session length and number of shocks

KATSUYA KITAGUCHI, HIROSHI IMADA

Author information

Keywords: negative contingency, conditioned inhibition, number of shocks, rat, conditioned suppression of licking

JOURNAL FREE ACCESS

1995 Volume 37 Issue 4 Pages 210-220

DOI https://doi.org/10.4992/psycholres1954.37.210

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Published: December 25, 1995 Received: November 05, 1993 Available on J-STAGE: February 24, 2009 Accepted: November 05, 1994 Advance online publication: - Revised: -
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Date of correction: February 24, 2009 Reason for correction: - Correction: CITATION Details: Wrong : Ayres, J. J. B., Benedict, J. O., & Witcher, E. S. 1975 Systematic manipulation of individual events in a truly random control in rats. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 88, 97-103.
Bando, S. 1981 The effects of CS-US contingency upon licking conditioned suppression in rats. Unpublished bachelor's thesis, School of Humanities, Kwansei Gakuin University.
Benedict, J. O., & Ayres, J. J. B. 1972 Factors affecting conditioning in the truly random control procedure in the rat. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 78, 323-330.
Hearst, E., Bottjer, S. W., & Walker, E. 1980 Conditioned approach-withdrawal behavior and some signal-food relations in pigeons: Performance and positive vs. negative “associative strength”. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 16, 183-186.
Imada, H., Shuku, H., & Moriya, M. 1983. Can a rat count? Animal Learning and Behavior, 11, 396-400.
Keller, R. J., Ayres, J. J. B., & Mahoney, W. J. 1977 Brief versus extended exposure to truly random control procedure. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Process, 3, 53-65.
Kremer, E. F. 1971 Truly random and traditional control procedures in CER conditioning in the rat. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 76, 441-448.
Kremer, E. F. & Kamin, L. J. 1974 The truly random control procedure: Associative or nonassociative effects in rats. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 74, 203-210.
Lubow, R. E. 1973 Latent inhibition. Psychological Bulletin, 79, 398 407.
Nageishi, Y., & Imada, H. 1974 Suppression of licking behavior in rats as a function of predictability of shock and probability of conditioned-stimulusshock pairings. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 87, 1165-1173.
Papini, M. R., & Bitterman, M. E. 1990 The role of contingency in classical conditioning. Psychological Review, 97, 396-403.
Quinsey, V. L. 1971 Conditioned suppression with no CS-US contingency in the rat. Canadian Journal of Psychology, 25, 69-82.
Rescorla, R. A. 1966 Predictability and number of pairings in Pavlovian fear conditioning. Psychonomic Science, 4, 383-384.
Rescorla, R. A. 1967 Pavlovian conditioning and its proper control procedures. Psychological Review, 74, 71-80.
Rescorla, R. A. 1968 Probability of shock in the presence and absence of CS in fear conditioning. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 66, 1-5.
Rescorla, R. A. 1969a Conditioned inhibition of fear resulting from negative CS-US contingencies. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 67, 504-509.
Rescorla, R. A. 1969b Pavlovian conditioned inhibition. Psychological Bulletin, 72, 77-94.
Rescorla, R. A. 1972 Informational variables in Pavlovian conditioning. In G. H. Bower (Ed.), The psychology of learning and motivation. Vol. 6. New York: Academic Press. Pp. 1-46.
Rescorla, R. A., & LoLordo, V. M. 1965 Inhibition of avoidance behavior. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 59, 406-412.
Rescorla, R. A., & Wagner, A. R. 1972 A theory of Pavlovian conditioning: Variation in the effectiveness of reinforcement and nonreinforcement. In A. H. Black & W. F. Prokasy (Eds.), Classical conditioning II: Current research and theory. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts. Pp. 64-99.
Witcher, E. S., & Ayres, J. J. B. 1980 Systematic manipulation of CS-US pairings in negative CS-US correlation procedures in rats. Animal Learning and Behavior, 8, 67-74.

Right : Ayres, J. J. B., Benedict, J. 0., & Witcher, E. S. 1975 Systematic manipulation of individual events in a truly random control in rats. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 88, 97-103.
Bando, S. 1981 The effects of CS-US contingency upon licking conditioned suppression in rats. Unpublished bachelor's thesis, School of Humanities, Kwansei Gakuin University.
Benedict, J. O., & Ayres, J. J. B. 1972 Factors affecting conditioning in the truly random control procedure in the rat. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 78, 323-330.
Hearst, E., Bottjer, S. W., & Walker, E. 1980 Cond itioned approach-withdrawal behavior and some signal-food relations in pigeons: Performance and positive vs. negative “associative strength”. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 16, 183-186.
Imada, H., Shuku, H., & Moriya, M. 1983. Can a rat count? Animal Learning and Behavior, 11, 396-400.
Keller, R. J., Ayres, J. J. B., & Mahoney, W. J. 1977 Brief versus extended exposure to truly random control procedure. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Process, 3, 53-65.
Kremer, E. F. 1971 Truly random and traditional control procedures in CER conditioning in the rat. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 76, 441-448.
Kremer, E. F. & Karnin, L. J. 1974 The truly random control procedure: Associative or nonassociative effects in rats. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 74, 203-210.
Lubow, R. E. 1973 Latent inhibition. Psychological Bulletin, 79, 398-407.
Nageishi, Y., & Imada, H. 1974 Suppression of licking behavior in rats as a function of predictability of shock and probability of conditioned-stimulusshockpairings. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 87, 1165-1173.
Papini, M. R., & Bitterman, M. E. 1990 The role of contingency in classical conditioning. Psychological Review, 97, 396-403.
Quinsey, V. L. 1971 Conditioned suppression with no CS-US contingency in the rat. Canadian Journal of Psychology, 25, 69-82.
Rescorla, R. A. 1966 Predictability and number of pairings in Pavlovian fear conditioning, Psychonomic Science, 4, 383-384.
Rescorla, R. A. 1967 Pavlovian conditioning and its proper control procedures. Psychological Review, 74, 71-80.
Rescorla, R. A. 1968 Probability of shock in the presence and absence of CS in fear conditioning. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 66, 1-5.
Rescorla, R. A. 1969a Conditioned inhibition of fear resulting from negative CS-US contingencies. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 67, 504-509.
Rescorla, R. A. 1969b Pavlovian conditioned inhibition. Psychological Bulletin, 72, 77-94.
Rescorla, R. A. 1972 Informational variables in Pavlovian conditioning. In G. H. Bower (Ed.), The psychology of learning and motivation. Vol.6. New York: Academic Press. Pp.1-46.
Rescorla, R. A., & LoLordo, V. M. 1965 Inhibition of avoidance behavior. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 59, 406-412.
Rescorla, R. A., & Wagner, A. R. 1972 A theory of Pavlovian conditioning: Variation in the effectiveness of reinforcement and nonreinforcement. In A. H. Black & W. F. Prokasy (Eds.), Classical conditioning II: Current research and theory. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts. Pp.64-99.
Witcher, E. S., & Ayres, J. J. B. 1980 Systematic manipulation of CS-US pairings in negative CSUS correlation procedures in rats. Animal Learning and Behavior, 8, 67-74.

Date of correction: February 24, 2009 Reason for correction: - Correction: PDF FILE Details: -

Date of correction: February 24, 2009 Reason for correction: - Correction: ABSTRACT Details: Wrong : The present experiments were designed to test the effects of negative contingencies of CS and US on conditioned suppression of licking in rats under conditions where P (USICS)-P (USInoCS) pairs were .50-.50, .25-.50, and 00-.50. The contingencies were manipulated by matching the session length in a Time-Matched (TM) condition, and by matching the number of USs in a NumberMatched (NM) condition. To assess conditioned inhibition, the retardation technique was used in Experiment 1 and the summation technique was used in Experiment 2. The two methods of manipulating contingencies did not affect conditioning differently. Additionally, clear evidence of conditioning of excitation was found under zero contingency (.50-.50). However, .25-.50 conditions yielded no evidence of conditioning, and the inhibition was conditioned under 00-.50 conditions. The results are discussed with reference to possible procedural artifacts and the Reseorla-Wagner model.
Right : The present experiments were designed to test the effects of negative contingencies of CS and US on conditioned suppression of licking in rats under conditions where P (USICS)-P (USInoCS) pairs were. 50-.50, .25-.50, and 00-.50. The contingencies were manipulated by matching the session length in a Time-Matched (TM) condition, and by matching the number of USs in a Number-Matched (NM) condition. To assess conditioned inhibition, the retardation technique was used in Experiment 1 and the summation technique was used in Experiment 2. The two methods of manipulating contingencies did not affect conditioning differently. Additionally, clear evidence of conditioning of excitation was found under zero contingency (.50-.50). However, . 25-50 conditions yielded no evidence of conditioning, and the inhibition was conditioned under 00-.50 conditions. The results are discussed with reference to possible procedural artifacts and the Rescorla-Wagner model.

Date of correction: February 24, 2009 Reason for correction: - Correction: CITATION Details: Wrong : Ayres, J. J. B., Benedict, J. 0., & Witcher, E. S. 1975 Systematic manipulation of individual events in a truly random control in rats. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 88, 97-103.
Bando, S. 1981 The effects of CS-US contingency upon licking conditioned suppression in rats. Unpublished bachelor's thesis, School of Humanities, Kwansei Gakuin University.
Benedict, J. O., & Ayres, J. J. B. 1972 Factors affecting conditioning in the truly random control procedure in the rat. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 78, 323-330.
Hearst, E., Bottjer, S. W., & Walker, E. 1980 Cond itioned approach-withdrawal behavior and some signal-food relations in pigeons: Performance and positive vs. negative “associative strength”. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 16, 183-186.
Imada, H., Shuku, H., & Moriya, M. 1983. Can a rat count? Animal Learning and Behavior, 11, 396-400.
Keller, R. J., Ayres, J. J. B., & Mahoney, W. J. 1977 Brief versus extended exposure to truly random control procedure. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Process, 3, 53-65.
Kremer, E. F. 1971 Truly random and traditional control procedures in CER conditioning in the rat. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 76, 441-448.
Kremer, E. F. & Karnin, L. J. 1974 The truly random control procedure: Associative or nonassociative effects in rats. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 74, 203-210.
Lubow, R. E. 1973 Latent inhibition. Psychological Bulletin, 79, 398-407.
Nageishi, Y., & Imada, H. 1974 Suppression of licking behavior in rats as a function of predictability of shock and probability of conditioned-stimulusshockpairings. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 87, 1165-1173.
Papini, M. R., & Bitterman, M. E. 1990 The role of contingency in classical conditioning. Psychological Review, 97, 396-403.
Quinsey, V. L. 1971 Conditioned suppression with no CS-US contingency in the rat. Canadian Journal of Psychology, 25, 69-82.
Rescorla, R. A. 1966 Predictability and number of pairings in Pavlovian fear conditioning, Psychonomic Science, 4, 383-384.
Rescorla, R. A. 1967 Pavlovian conditioning and its proper control procedures. Psychological Review, 74, 71-80.
Rescorla, R. A. 1968 Probability of shock in the presence and absence of CS in fear conditioning. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 66, 1-5.
Rescorla, R. A. 1969a Conditioned inhibition of fear resulting from negative CS-US contingencies. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 67, 504-509.
Rescorla, R. A. 1969b Pavlovian conditioned inhibition. Psychological Bulletin, 72, 77-94.
Rescorla, R. A. 1972 Informational variables in Pavlovian conditioning. In G. H. Bower (Ed.), The psychology of learning and motivation. Vol.6. New York: Academic Press. Pp.1-46.
Rescorla, R. A., & LoLordo, V. M. 1965 Inhibition of avoidance behavior. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 59, 406-412.
Rescorla, R. A., & Wagner, A. R. 1972 A theory of Pavlovian conditioning: Variation in the effectiveness of reinforcement and nonreinforcement. In A. H. Black & W. F. Prokasy (Eds.), Classical conditioning II: Current research and theory. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts. Pp.64-99.
Witcher, E. S., & Ayres, J. J. B. 1980 Systematic manipulation of CS-US pairings in negative CSUS correlation procedures in rats. Animal Learning and Behavior, 8, 67-74.

Right : Ayres, J. J. B., Benedict, J. O., & Witcher, E. S. 1975 Systematic manipulation of individual events in a truly random control in rats. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 88, 97-103.
Bando, S. 1981 The effects of CS-US contingency upon licking conditioned suppression in rats. Unpublished bachelor's thesis, School of Humanities, Kwansei Gakuin University.
Benedict, J. O., & Ayres, J. J. B. 1972 Factors affecting conditioning in the truly random control procedure in the rat. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 78, 323-330.
Hearst, E., Bottjer, S. W., & Walker, E. 1980 Conditioned approach-withdrawal behavior and some signal-food relations in pigeons: Performance and positive vs. negative “associative strength”. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 16, 183-186.
Imada, H., Shuku, H., & Moriya, M. 1983. Can a rat count? Animal Learning and Behavior, 11, 396-400.
Keller, R. J., Ayres, J. J. B., & Mahoney, W. J. 1977 Brief versus extended exposure to truly random control procedure. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Process, 3, 53-65.
Kremer, E. F. 1971 Truly random and traditional control procedures in CER conditioning in the rat. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 76, 441-448.
Kremer, E. F. & Kamin, L. J. 1974 The truly random control procedure: Associative or nonassociative effects in rats. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 74, 203-210.
Lubow, R. E. 1973 Latent inhibition. Psychological Bulletin, 79, 398-407.
Nageishi, Y., & Imada, H. 1974 Suppression of licking behavior in rats as a function of predictability of shock and probability of conditioned-stimulus-shock pairings. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 87, 1165-1173.
Papini, M. R., & Bitterman, M. E. 1990 The role of contingency in classical conditioning. Psychological Review, 97, 396-403.
Quinsey, V. L. 1971 Conditioned suppression with no CS-US contingency in the rat. Canadian Journal of Psychology, 25, 69-82.
Rescorla, R. A. 1966 Predictability and number of pairings in Pavlovian fear conditioning. Psychonomic Science, 4, 383-384.
Rescorla, R. A. 1967 Pavlovian conditioning and its proper control procedures. Psychological Review, 74, 71-80.
Rescorla, R. A. 1968 Probability of shock in the presence and absence of CS in fear conditioning. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 66, 1-5.
Rescorla, R. A. 1969a Conditioned inhibition of fear resulting from negative CS-US contingencies. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 67, 504-509.
Rescorla, R. A. 1969b Pavlovian conditioned inhibition. Psychological Bulletin, 72, 77-94.
Rescorla, R. A. 1972 Informational variables in Pavlovian conditioning. In G. H. Bower (Ed.), The psychology of learning and motivation. Vol.6. New York: Academic Press. Pp.1-46.
Rescorla, R. A., & LoLordo, V. M. 1965 Inhibition of avoidance behavior. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 59, 406-412.
Rescorla, R. A., & Wagner, A. R. 1972 A theory of Pavlovian conditioning: Variation in the effectiveness of reinforcement and nonreinforcement. In A. H. Black & W. F. Prokasy (Eds.), Classical conditioning II: Current research and theory. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts. Pp.64-99.
Witcher, E. S., & Ayres, J. J. B. 1980 Systematic manipulation of CS-US pairings in negative CSUS correlation procedures in rats. Animal Learning and Behavior, 8, 67-74.

Abstract

The present experiments were designed to test the effects of negative contingencies of CS and US on conditioned suppression of licking in rats under conditions where P (USICS)-P (USInoCS) pairs were. 50-.50, .25-.50, and 00-.50. The contingencies were manipulated by matching the session length in a Time-Matched (TM) condition, and by matching the number of USs in a Number-Matched (NM) condition. To assess conditioned inhibition, the retardation technique was used in Experiment 1 and the summation technique was used in Experiment 2. The two methods of manipulating contingencies did not affect conditioning differently. Additionally, clear evidence of conditioning of excitation was found under zero contingency (.50-.50). However, . 25-50 conditions yielded no evidence of conditioning, and the inhibition was conditioned under 00-.50 conditions. The results are discussed with reference to possible procedural artifacts and the Rescorla-Wagner model.

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