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A PSYCHOLOGICAL STUDY ON THE AFFILIATION-REPULSION TENDENCIES AMONG GROUP MEMBERS
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1963 Volume 5 Issue 1 Pages 28-42
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- Published: 1963 Received: March 09, 1963 Available on J-STAGE: February 24, 2009 Accepted: - Advance online publication: - Revised: -
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Correction information
Date of correction: February 24, 2009 Reason for correction: - Correction: ABSTRACT Details: Wrong : It is regarded as appropriate for us to make good use of the sociometric test for an analysis of the affiliation-repulsion re-sponses among the group members. Thus, this study was undertaken with adequate sociometric test. But we treated the re-sponses of sociometric test as the psycho-logical variables so that the discussions might well be limited.
The subjects were the formal groups in each developmental periods such as in-fanthood, childhood, adolescence, and adulthood.
The analysis was attempted according to not only monadic dimension, but dyadic and group dimensions, and the estimation of the biased tendencies among the mem-bers was tried to make on the foundation of probability distribution for respective dimensions.
The results of this investigation may be summarized as follows.
1. Monadic dimension. Actual ratio distributions of affiliation or repulsion re-sponses among the members showed their tendency to incline toward a few members as compared with the probability binomial distribution. This biased tendency was remarkable in repulsion responses. In the balanced responses between affiliation and repulsion of each of the members, the probability distribution is approximately a normal one with mean O and _??_. Actual ratio distributions of balanced re-sponses showed such a tendency that the central part was not sufficient and both of their sides were excessively stretched as compared with the probability normal dis-tribution. These biased tendencies in monadic dimension were remarkable in child groups and were lessened with growth and development.
2. Dyadic dimension. According to the sociometric matrices of various kinds, the socio-sympathetic types for the dyads are prescribed theoretically. The pro-bability distributions were computed in conformity with these types. As compared with probability, the types of mutual affili-ation in actuality appeared too often through each periods and further they tended to increase in number with growth and development, while the types of mutual repulsion in actuality appeared less often through each periods and they tended not to decrease, rather incompatibly with growth and development.
3. Group dimension. From the com-parison between actual structure matrix and probability structure matrix which was obtained through the Monte Carlo Simulation, the following tendencies reve-aled themselves: concentric tendency to subgroups, detachment tendency of the isolates, deminution tendency of the fring-ers, upward choice tendency, and down-ward rejection tendency. Those which tended to increase with growth and de-velopment were the subgroup tendency and the fringer tendency; those which tended to decrease with growth and de-velopment were the isolate tendency and the downward rejection tendency.
Now, we must inquire more deeply into a problem-what psychological factors give rise to the above-mentioned biased tendencies-, but these investigations will be reserved for another occasion.
Right : Sociometric test was used for analysis of the affiliation-repulsion responses among the group members. S's were the formal groups in each developmental periods. In order to examine the response tendencies, the author has attempted to pursue the probability scales according to monadic, dyadic and group dimensions, using the technique of Monte Carlo Simulation. The actual responses in each group showed some biased tendencies peculiar to respective dimensions. These biased tendencies were clarified.
Date of correction: February 24, 2009 Reason for correction: - Correction: CITATION Details: Wrong : CLARK, R. A., & McGuIRE, C. Sociographic Analysis of Sociometric Valuations. Child Developm., 1952, 23, 129-140.
FESTINGER, L. The Analysis of Sociograms using Matrix Algebra, Hum. Relat., 1949, 2, 153-158.
FORSYTH, F., & KATZ, L. A Matrix Approach to the Analysis of Sociometric Data. Sociometry, 1946, 9, 340-349.
GARDNER, E. F., & THOMPSON, G. G. Social Relations and Morale in Small Groups. Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1956.
GOLDMANN, L. Sciences Humanines et Philosophic. Presses Univ. de France, 1952 (Japanese Version, Shimizu, K. and Kawamata, T. Iwanami-Shoten, 1960).
LINDZEY, G., & BORGATTA, E. F. Sociometric Measurement. In G. Lindzey (Ed.), Handbook of Social Prychology. Vol. 1. Addison-Wesley, 1954, 405-448.
LUCE, R. D., & PERRY, A. D. A Method of Matrix Analysis of Group Structure. Psychometrika, 1949, 14, 95-116.
MEYER, H. A. Symposium on Monte Carlo Methods. John Wiley & Sons, 1956.
MIYATAKE, O., & NAKAYAMA, T. Monte Carlo Method. Nikkan-kohgyoh Shinbunsha, 1960. (In Japanese).
MORENO, J. L. Who Shall Survive? Washington, D. C.: .Venous and Mental Disease Monograph, No. 58, 1934.
MORENO, J. L. Who Shall Survive? Foundations of Sociometry, Group Psychotherapy and Sociodrama. Beacon House Inc., 1953.
MORENO, J. L. et al. (Eds.) The Sociometry Reader. The Free Press of Glencoe, 1960.
MOUTON, J. S., BLAKE, R. R., & FRUCHTER, B. The Validity of Sociometric Responses. Sociometry, 1955, 18, 181-200.
National Bureau of Standards. Tables of the Binomial Probability Distribution. U. S. Government Printing Office, 1950. (Japanese Version, Nippon Kikaku-kyokai, Binomial Distribution Tables, 1954).
OWEN, D. B. Handbook of Statistical Tables. Addison-Wesley, 1962.
ROMIG, HARRY G. 50-100 Binomial Tables. John-Wiley & Sons, 1953.
TAGIURI, R., BLAKE, R. R. & BRUNER, J. S. Some Determinants of the Perception of Positive and Negative Feelings in Others. J. abnorm. sot. Psychol., 1953, 48, 585-592.
TAGIURI, R., BRUNER, J. S., & KOGAN, N. Estimating the Chance Expectancies of Dyadic Relationships within a Group. Psychol. Bull., 1955, 52, 122-131.
Tanaka, K. Theory and Method of Sociometry. Meiji-Tosho Publishing Company, Inc., 1959. (In Japanese).
The Society for the Study of Statistical Sciences. The Statistical Numerical Value Tables, A New Edition. Kawade-Shobo. 1952. (In Japanese).
Right : CLARK, R. A., & MCGUIRE, C. Sociographic Analysis of Sociometric Valuations. Child Developm., 1952, 23, 129-140.
FESTINGER, L. The Analysis of Sociograms using Matrix Algebra, Hum. Relat., 1949, 2, 153-158.
FORSYTH, E., & KATZ, L. A Matrix Approach to the Analysis of Sociometric Data. Sociometry, 1946, 9, 340-349.
GARDNER, E. F., & THOMPSON, G. G. Social Relations and Morale in Small Groups. Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1956.
GOLDMANN, L. Sciences Humanines et Philosophie. Presses Univ. de France, 1952 (Japanese Version, Shimizu, K. and Kawamata, T. Iwanami-Shoten, 1960).
LINDZEY, G., & BORGATTA, E. F. Sociometric Measurement. In G. Lindzey (Ed.), Handbook of Social Psychology. Vol.1. Addison-Wesley, 1954, 405-448.
LUCE, R. D., & PERRY, A. D. A Method of Matrix Analysis of Group Structure. Psychometrika, 1949, 14, 95-116.
MEYER, H. A. Symposium on Monte Carlo Methods. John Wiley & Sons, 1956.
MIYATAKE, O., & NAKAYAMA, T. Monte Carlo Method. Nikkan-kohgyoh Shinbunsha, 1960.(In Japanese).
MORENO, J. L. Who Shall Survive? Washington, D. C. Nervous and Mental Disease Monograph, No.58, 1934.
MORENO, J. L. Who Shall Survive? Foundations of Sociometry, Group Psychotherapy and Sociodrama. Beacon House Inc., 1953.
MORENO, J. L. et al.(Eds.) The Sociometry Reader. The Free Press of Glencoe, 1960.
MOUTON, J. S., BLAKE, R. R., & FRUCHTER, B. The Validity of Sociometric Responses. Sociometry, 1955, 18, 181-200.
National Bureau of Standards. Tables of the Binomial Probability Distribution. U. S. Government Printing Office, 1950.(Japanese Version, Nippon Kikaku-kyokai, Binomial Distribution Tables, 1954).
OWEN, D. B. Handbook of Statistical Tables. Addison-Wesley, 1962.
ROMIG, HARRY G. 50-100 Binomial Tables. John-Wiley & Sons, 1953.
TAGIURI, R., BLAKE, R. R. & BRUNER, J. S. Some Determinants of the Perception of Positive and Negative Feelings in Others. J. abnorm. soc. Psychol., 1953, 48, 585-592.
TAGIURI, R., BRUNER, J. S., & KOGAN, N. Estimating the Chance Expectancies of Dyadic Relationships within a Group. Psychol. Bull., 1955, 52, 122-131.
Tanaka, K. Theory and Method of Sociometry. Meiji-Tosho Publishing Company, Inc., 1959.(In Japanese).
The Society for the Study of Statistical Sciences. The Statistical Numerical Value Tables, A New Edition. Kawade-Shobo. 1952.(In Japanese).
Date of correction: February 24, 2009 Reason for correction: - Correction: PDF FILE Details: -
Date of correction: February 24, 2009 Reason for correction: - Correction: CITATION Details: Wrong : CLARK, R. A., & MCGUIRE, C. Sociographic Analysis of Sociometric Valuations. Child Developm., 1952, 23, 129-140.
FESTINGER, L. The Analysis of Sociograms using Matrix Algebra, Hum. Relat., 1949, 2, 153-158.
FORSYTH, E., & KATZ, L. A Matrix Approach to the Analysis of Sociometric Data. Sociometry, 1946, 9, 340-349.
GARDNER, E. F., & THOMPSON, G. G. Social Relations and Morale in Small Groups. Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1956.
GOLDMANN, L. Sciences Humanines et Philosophie. Presses Univ. de France, 1952 (Japanese Version, Shimizu, K. and Kawamata, T. Iwanami-Shoten, 1960).
LINDZEY, G., & BORGATTA, E. F. Sociometric Measurement. In G. Lindzey (Ed.), Handbook of Social Psychology. Vol.1. Addison-Wesley, 1954, 405-448.
LUCE, R. D., & PERRY, A. D. A Method of Matrix Analysis of Group Structure. Psychometrika, 1949, 14, 95-116.
MEYER, H. A. Symposium on Monte Carlo Methods. John Wiley & Sons, 1956.
MIYATAKE, O., & NAKAYAMA, T. Monte Carlo Method. Nikkan-kohgyoh Shinbunsha, 1960.(In Japanese).
MORENO, J. L. Who Shall Survive? Washington, D. C. Nervous and Mental Disease Monograph, No.58, 1934.
MORENO, J. L. Who Shall Survive? Foundations of Sociometry, Group Psychotherapy and Sociodrama. Beacon House Inc., 1953.
MORENO, J. L. et al.(Eds.) The Sociometry Reader. The Free Press of Glencoe, 1960.
MOUTON, J. S., BLAKE, R. R., & FRUCHTER, B. The Validity of Sociometric Responses. Sociometry, 1955, 18, 181-200.
National Bureau of Standards. Tables of the Binomial Probability Distribution. U. S. Government Printing Office, 1950.(Japanese Version, Nippon Kikaku-kyokai, Binomial Distribution Tables, 1954).
OWEN, D. B. Handbook of Statistical Tables. Addison-Wesley, 1962.
ROMIG, HARRY G. 50-100 Binomial Tables. John-Wiley & Sons, 1953.
TAGIURI, R., BLAKE, R. R. & BRUNER, J. S. Some Determinants of the Perception of Positive and Negative Feelings in Others. J. abnorm. soc. Psychol., 1953, 48, 585-592.
TAGIURI, R., BRUNER, J. S., & KOGAN, N. Estimating the Chance Expectancies of Dyadic Relationships within a Group. Psychol. Bull., 1955, 52, 122-131.
Tanaka, K. Theory and Method of Sociometry. Meiji-Tosho Publishing Company, Inc., 1959.(In Japanese).
The Society for the Study of Statistical Sciences. The Statistical Numerical Value Tables, A New Edition. Kawade-Shobo. 1952.(In Japanese).
Right : CLARK, R. A., & McGUIRE, C. Sociographic Analysis of Sociometric Valuations. Child Developm., 1952, 23, 129-140.
FESTINGER, L. The Analysis of Sociograms using Matrix Algebra, Hum. Relat., 1949, 2, 153-158.
FORSYTH, E., & KATZ, L. A Matrix Approach to the Analysis of Sociometric Data. Sociometry, 1946, 9, 340-349.
GARDNER, E. F., & THOMPSON, G. G. Social Relations and Morale in Small Groups. Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1956.
GOLDMANN, L. Sciences Humanines et Philosophie. Presses Univ. de France, 1952 (Japanese Version, Shimizu, K. and Kawamata, T. Iwanami-Shoten, 1960).
LINDZEY, G., & BORGATTA, E. F. Sociometric Measurement. In G. Lindzey (Ed.), Handbook of Social Psychology. Vol.1. Addison-Wesley, 1954, 405-448.
LUCE, R. D., & PERRY, A. D. A Method of Matrix Analysis of Group Structure. Psychometrika, 1949, 14, 95-116.
MEYER, H. A. Symposium on Monte Carlo Methods. John Wiley & Sons, 1956.
MIYATAKE, O., & NAKAYAMA, T. Monte Carlo Method. Nikkan-kohgyoh Shinbunsha, 1960.(In Japanese).
MORENO, J. L. Who Shall Survive? Washington, D. C.: Nervous and Mental Disease Monograph, No.58, 1934.
MORENO, J. L. Who Shall Survive? Foundations of Sociometry, Group Psychotherapy and Sociodrama. Beacon House Inc., 1953.
MORENO, J. L. et al.(Eds.) The Sociometry Reader. The Free Press of Glencoe, 1960.
MOUTON, J. S., BLAKE, R. R., & FRUCHTER, B. The Validity of Sociometric Responses. Sociometry, 1955, 18, 181-200.
National Bureau of Standards. Tables of the Binomial Probability Distribution. U. S. Government Printing Office, 1950.(Japanese Version, Nippon Kikaku-kyokai, Binomial Distribution Tables, 1954).
OWEN, D. B. Handbook of Statistical Tables. Addison-Wesley, 1962.
ROMIG, HARRY G. 50-100 Binomial Tables. John-Wiley & Sons, 1953.
TAGIURI, R., BLAKE, R. R. & BRUNER, J. S. Some Determinants of the Perception of Positive and Negative Feelings in Others. J. abnorm. soc. Psychol., 1953, 48, 585-592.
TAGIURI, R., BRUNER, J. S., & KOGAN, N. Estimating the Chance Expectancies of Dyadic Relationships within a Group. Psychol. Bull., 1955, 52, 122-131.
Tanaka, K. Theory and Method of Sociometry. Meiji-Tosho Publishing Company, Inc., 1959.(In Japanese).
The Society for the Study of Statistical Sciences. The Statistical Numerical Value Tables, A New Edition. Kawade-Shobo. 1952.(In Japanese).
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