EXPERIMENTS ON THE BLOCKING EFFECT OF THE TRACE OF VISUAL APPARENT MOVEMENT UPON THE PROPAGATION OF INDUCTION

TAKAAKI KOYAZU

doi:10.4992/psycholres1954.5.171

TAKAAKI KOYAZU

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JOURNAL FREE ACCESS

1963 Volume 5 Issue 4 Pages 171-182

DOI https://doi.org/10.4992/psycholres1954.5.171

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Published: 1963 Received: December 07, 1963 Available on J-STAGE: February 24, 2009 Accepted: - Advance online publication: - Revised: -
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Date of correction: February 24, 2009 Reason for correction: - Correction: ABSTRACT Details: Wrong : By means of taking the changes of the elec-trical excitability of the eye as indices, the effect of the trace of apparent movement upon spreading induction was investigated. Findings are as follows.
1) The propagation of the indirect induction is obstructed by the effect of the apparent path of optimal movement caused by white pre-illuminated rectangles in monocular visual field.
2) The spreading induction is reflected by the trace of that optimal movement just as light is.
3) The indirect induction does not traverse the trace of such apparent move-ment as caused interocularly in the sense that white luminous rectangles are separa-tely presented after a optimal pause in the binocular field composed of independ-ent monocular fields.
4) In any way, it should be re-membered that phenomena concerning in-duction tend to occur in accordance with the perceived pattern of pre-illuminating stimuli.
Right : The nature of the trace of apparent movement was investigated by making use of the phenomenon of neutralization concerning propagation of retinal induction discovered by Motokawa. Experiments were conducted in the right visual field as well as in the binocular field composed of the independent monocular ones, that is to say, under the two conditions; when apparent movement was caused monocularly, and when binocularly. Findings are as follows. The indirect induction does not traverse the trace of apparent movement resulted by the successive presentation of white luminous rectangles, no matter whether monocularly or binocularly they may be viewed. Moreover the trace of apparent movement has the reflecting effect upon the propagating induction.

Date of correction: February 24, 2009 Reason for correction: - Correction: CITATION Details: Wrong : BARLOW, H. B., & HILL, R. M. Selective sensitivity of movement in ganglion cells of the rabit retina. Science, 1963, 139, 412-414.
BORING, E. G. Sensation and perception in the history of experimental psychology. N. Y.: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1942.
BROWN, J. F., & VOTH, A. C. The path of seen movement as a function of the vector field. Amer. J. Psychol., 1937, 49, 543-563.
DE SILVA, H. R. An experimental investigation of the determinants of apparent visual movement. Amer. J. Psychol., 1926, 37, 469-501.
GEBHARD, L. W. Motokawa's studies on electrical exitation of the human eye. Psychol. Bull., 1953, 50, 73-111.
GRAHAM, C. H. In Stevens, S. S. (ed.), Handbook of experimental psychology. N. Y.: Wiley, 1951.
GRAHAM, C. H. On some aspects of real and apparent visual movement. J. opt. Soc. Amer., 1963, 53, 1019-1025.
HIGGINSON, G. D. The visual apprehension of movement under successive retinal exitations. Amer. J. Psychol., 1926, 37, 63-115.
HUBEL, D. H., & WIESEL, T. N. Receptive fields of single neurones in the cat's striate cortex. J. Physiol., 1959, 148, 574-591.
HUBEL, D. H., & WIESEL, T. M. Receptive fields, binocular interaction and functional architecture in the cat's visual cortex. J. Physiol., 1962, 160, 106-154.
INDOW, T., KuNO, U., & YOSHIDA, T. Studies on the induction in visual process taking the electrical phosphene as an index (2) Experiments on the propagation of the induction across the blind spot (1). Psychologia, 1958, 1, 175-181.
INDOW, T., KOYAZU, T., & YOSHIDA, T. Studies on the induction in visual process taking electrical phosphene as an index (5) Experiments on the propagation of the induction across the blind spot (2). Jap. psychol. Res., 1959, 1, No. 7, 17-28.
INDOW, T., & KOYAZU, T. Experiments on induction in the binocular field composed of the independent monocular fields (1) Studies on induction in visual process taking electrical phosphene as an index (7). Jap. psychol. Res., 1960, 2, 142-151.
INDOW, T., KoYAZU, T., & KOZAKI, T. Experi-ments on the propagation of the induction across the blind spot (3). Studies on the induction in visual process taking electrical phos-phene as an index (6). Jap. psychol. Res., 1960, 1, No. 9, 38-47.
INDOW, T., & KOYAZU, T. Experiments on induc-tion in the binocular fields composed of the independent monocular fields (2). Studies on the induction in visual process taking electri-cal phosphene as an index (8). Jap. Psychol.Res., 1961, 1, No. 3, 42-56.
INDOW, T., KUNO, U., YOSHIDA, T., & KOZAKI, T. Studies on the induction in visual process taking the electrical phosphene as an index (1). Experiments under the conditions involving shift of fixation (1). Jap. J. Psychol., 1958, 129, 29-40.
KATAVAMA, S., & AIZAWA, T. The mechanism of spatial induction in the retina. Tohoku J. exp. Med., 1956, 64, 179-187.
KORTE, A. Kinematoskopische Untersuchungen. Z. Psychol., 1915, 72, 193-296.
KOVAZU, T. Studies on retinal induction. Jap. J. Psychol., 1963, 33, 28-39.
KUROSAWA, T., & KATAYAMA, S. Interaction of retinal receptors with electric stimuli in the human retina. Tohoku J. exp. Med., 1955, 63, 9-17.
LANGFELD, H. S. Apparent visual movement with a stationary stimulus. Amer. 3. Psychol., 1927, 39, 343-355.
MARSHALL, W. H., & TALBOT, S. A. Recent evidence for neural mechanisms in vision leading to a general theory of sensory acuity. In Klüver, H. (ed.), Visual mechanisms. Lancaster, 1942, pp. 117-164.
MICHAELS, R. Al. The electrical phosphene threshold as a measure of retinal induction and visual organization. J. exp. Psychol., 1957, 54, 21-27.
MOTOKAWA, K. Retinal processes and their role in color vision. J. Neurophysiol., 1949, 12, 291-303. (a)
MOTOKAWA, K. Physiological studies on mechan-ism of color reception in normal and color-blind subjects. J. Veurophysiol., 1949, 12, 465-474. (b)
MOTOKAWA, K. Physiological induction in human retina as basis of color blightness contrast. J. Neurophysiol., 1949, 12, 475-488. (e)
MOTOKAWA, K. Fields of retinal induction and optical illusion. J. Neurophysiol., 1950, 13, 413-426.
MOTOKAWA, K. Wave motion in propagation of retinal induction and visual fields (1). Nisshin Igaku, 1951, 38, 131-141. (a)
MOTOKAWA, K. Wave motion in propagation ofretinal induction and visual fields (2). Nisshin Igakuy 1951, 8, 211-221. (b)
MOTOKAWA, K. Propagation of retinal induction. J. Neurophysiol., 1951, 14, 339-351. (c)
MOTOKAWA, K.; IWAMA, K., & EBE, M. Retinal color processes in cats. Jap. J. Physiol., 1951, 2, 198-207.
MOTOKAWA, K. Retinal traces and visual percep-tion of movement. J. exp. Psychol., 1953, 45,. 369.
MOTOKAWA, K., & EBE, M. The physiological mechanism of apparent movement. J. exp. Psychol., 1953, 45, 378-386.
MOTOKAWA, K., IWAMA, K., & EBE, M. Velocities, of spreading induction in human and mam-malian retinas. Tohoku J. exp. Med., 1953, 59, 11-22.
MOTOKAWA, K. Color contrast and physiological induction in human and mammalian retinas. Documenta Ophthalmologica, 1955, IX, 209-234.
MOTOKAWA, K., & KOMATSU, M. Reflection of spreading induction in the human retina. Tohoku J. exp. Med., 1957, 67, 29-41.
MOTOKAWA, K., EBE, M., KOMATSU, M., & WATANABE, K. Refraction of spreading induction in the retina. Tohoku J. exp. Med., 1958, 68, 139-149.
NAKAGAWA, D., & KOHATA, T. New facts on neutralization of retinal induction. Tohoku J. exp. Med., 1956, 64, 305-314. (a)
NAKAGAWA, D., & KOHATA, T. New facts on neutralization of retinal induction. Tohoku J. exp. Med., 1956, 64, 315-323. (b)
NEFF, W. S. A critical investigation of the visual apprehension of movement. Amer. J. Psychol., 1936, 48, 1-42.
NEUHAUS, W. Experimentelle Untersuchung der Seheinbewegung. Arch. ges. Psychol., 1930, 75, 315-458.
ONOKI, T., & YAMAMOTO, H. Colorimetric purity and retinal induction. Tohoku J. exp. Med., 1956, 65, 97-105.
SMITH, K. U. The neural centers concerned in the mediation of apparent movement vision. J. exp. Psychol., 1940, 26, 443-466.

Right : BARLOW, H. B., & HILL, R. M. Selective sensitivity of movement in ganglion cells of the rabit retina. Science, 1963, 139, 412-414.
BORING, E. G. Sensation and perception in the history of experimental psychology. N. Y.: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1942.
BROWN, J. F., & Vort, A. C. The path of seen movement as a function of the vector field. Amer. J. Psychol., 1937, 49, 543-563.
DE SILVA, H. R. An experimental investigation of the determinants of apparent visual movement. Amer. J. Psychol., 1926, 37, 469-501.
GERHARD, L. W. Motokawa's studies on electrical exitation of the human eye. Psychol. Bull., 1953, 50, 73-111.
GRAHAM, C. H. In Stevens, S. S.(ed.), Handbook of experimental psychology. N. Y. Wiley, 1951.
GRAIIAM, C. H. On some aspects of real and apparent visual movement., J. opt. Soc. Amer., 1963, 53, 1019-1025.
HIGGINSON, G. D. The visual apprehension of movement under successive retinal exitations. Amer. J. Psychol., 1926, 37, 63-115.
HUBEL, D. H., & WIESEL, T. N.Receptive fields of single neurones in the cat's striate cortex., J. Physiol., 1959, 148, 574-591.
HUBEL, D. H., & WIESEL, T. M. Receptive fields, binocular interaction and functional architecture in the cat's visual cortex. J. Physiol., 1962, 160, 106-154.
INDOW, T., KUNO, G., & YOSHIDA, T. Studies on the induction in visual process taking the electrical phosphene as an index (2) Experiments on the propagation of the induction across the blind spot (1). Psychologia, 1958, 1, 175-181.
INDOW, T., KOYAZU, T., & YOSHIDA, T. Studies on the induction in visual process taking electrical phosphene as an index (5) Experiments on the propagation of the induction across the blind spot (2)., Jap. Psychol. Res., 1959, 1, No.7, 17-28.
INDOW, T., & KOYAZU, T. Experiments on induction in the binocular field composed of the independent monocular fields (1) Studies on induction in visual process taking electrical phosphene as an index (7)., Jap. Psychol. Res., 1960, 2, 142-151.
INDOW, T., KOYAZU, T., & KOZAKI, T. Experiments on the propagation of the induction across the blind spot (3). Studies on the induction in visual process taking electrical phosphene as an index (6). Jap. Psychol. Res., 1960, 1, No.9, 38-47.
INDOW, T., & KOYAZU, T. Experiments on induction in the binocular fields composed of the independent monocular fields (2). Studies on the induction in visual process taking electrical phosphene as an index (8). Jap. Psychol. Res., 1961, 1, No.3, 42-56.
INDOW, T., KUNO, U., YOSHIDA, T., & KOZAKI, T. Studies on the induction in visual process taking the electrical phosphene as an index (1). Experiments under the conditions involving shift of fixation (1). Jap. J. Psychol., 1958, 129, 29-40.
KATAYAMA, S., & AIZAWA, T. The mechanism of spatial induction in the retina. Tohoku J. exp. Med., 1956, 64, 179-187.
KORTE, A. Kinematoskopische Untersuchungen. z. Psychol., 1915, 72, 193-296.
KOYAZU, T. Studies on retinal induction. Jap. J. Psychol., 1963, 33, 28-39.
KUROSAWA, T., & KATAYAMA, S. Interaction of retinal receptors with electric stimuli in the human retina. Tohoku J. exp. Med., 1955, 63, 9-17.
LANGFELD, H. S. Apparent visual movement with a stationary stimulus. Amer. J. Psychol., 1927, 39, 343-355.
MARSHALL, W. H., & TALBOT, S. A. Recent evidence for neural mechanisms in vision leading to a general theory of sensory acuity. In Kliiver, H.(ed.), Visual mechanisms. Lancaster, 1942, pp.117-164.
MICHAELS, R. M. The electricalphosphene threshold as a measure of retinal induction and visual organization. J. exp. Psychol., 1957, 54, 21-27.
MOTOKAWA, K. Retinal processes and their role in color vision. J. Neurophysiol., 1949, 12, 291-303.(a)
MOTOXAWA, K. Physiological studies on mechanism of color reception in normal and colorblind subjects. J. Neurophysiol., 1949, 12, 465-474.(b)
MOTOKAWA, K. Physiological induction in human retina as basis of color blightness contrast. J. Neurophysiol., 1949, 12, 475-488.(c)
MOTOKAWA, K. Fields of retinal induction and optical illusion. J. Neurophysiol., 1950, 13, 413-426.
MOTOKAWA, K. Wave motion in propagation of retinal induction and visual fields (1). Nisshin Igaku, 1951, 38, 131-141.(a)
MOTOKAWA, K. Wave motion in propagation of retinal induction and visual fields (2). Nisshin Igaku, 1951, 8, 211-221.(b)
MOTOKAWA, K. Propagation of retinal induction. J. Neurophysiol., 1951, 14, 339-351.(c)
MOTOKAWA, K., IWAMA, K., & EBE, M. Retinal color processes in cats., Jap. J. Physiol., 1951, 2, 198-207.
MOTOXAWA, K. Retinal traces and visual perception of movement. J. exp. Psychol., 1953, 45,. 369.
MOTOKAWA, K., & EBE, M. The physiological mechanism of apparent movement. J. exp. Psychol., 1953, 45, 378-386.
MOTOKAWA, K., IWAMA, K., & EBE, M. Velocities of spreading induction in human and mammalian retinas. Tohoku J. exp. Med., 1953, 59, 11-22.
MOTOKAWA, K. Color contrast and physiological induction in human and mammalian retinas. Documenta Ophthalmologica, 1955, IX, 209-234.
MOTOKAWA, K., & KOMATSU, M. Reflection of spreading induction in the human retina. Tohoku J. exp. Med., 1957, 67, 29-41.
MOTOKAWA, K., EBE, M., KOMATSU, M., & WATANABE, K. Refraction of spreading induction in the retina. Tohoku J. exp. Med., 1958, 68, 139-149.
NAKAGAWA, D., & KOHATA, T. New facts on neutralization of retinal induction. Tohoku J. exp. Med., 1956, 64, 305-314.(a)
NAKAGAWA, D., & KOHATA, T. New facts on neutralization of retinal induction. Tohoku J. exp. Med., 1956, 64, 315-323.(b)
NEFF, W. S. A critical investigation of the visual apprehension of movement. Amer. J. Psychol., 1936, 48, 1-42.
NEUHAUS, W. Experimentelle Untersuchung der Scheinbewegung. Arch. ges. Psychol., 1930, 75, 315-458.
ONOKI, T., & YAMAMOTO, H. Colorimetric purity and retinal induction. Tohoku J. exp. Med., 1956, 65, 97-105.
SMITH, K. U. The neural centers concerned in the mediation of apparent movement vision. J. exp. Psychol., 1940, 26, 443-466.

Date of correction: February 24, 2009 Reason for correction: - Correction: PDF FILE Details: -

Date of correction: February 24, 2009 Reason for correction: - Correction: CITATION Details: Wrong : BARLOW, H. B., & HILL, R. M. Selective sensitivity of movement in ganglion cells of the rabit retina. Science, 1963, 139, 412-414.
BORING, E. G. Sensation and perception in the history of experimental psychology. N. Y.: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1942.
BROWN, J. F., & Vort, A. C. The path of seen movement as a function of the vector field. Amer. J. Psychol., 1937, 49, 543-563.
DE SILVA, H. R. An experimental investigation of the determinants of apparent visual movement. Amer. J. Psychol., 1926, 37, 469-501.
GERHARD, L. W. Motokawa's studies on electrical exitation of the human eye. Psychol. Bull., 1953, 50, 73-111.
GRAHAM, C. H. In Stevens, S. S.(ed.), Handbook of experimental psychology. N. Y. Wiley, 1951.
GRAIIAM, C. H. On some aspects of real and apparent visual movement., J. opt. Soc. Amer., 1963, 53, 1019-1025.
HIGGINSON, G. D. The visual apprehension of movement under successive retinal exitations. Amer. J. Psychol., 1926, 37, 63-115.
HUBEL, D. H., & WIESEL, T. N.Receptive fields of single neurones in the cat's striate cortex., J. Physiol., 1959, 148, 574-591.
HUBEL, D. H., & WIESEL, T. M. Receptive fields, binocular interaction and functional architecture in the cat's visual cortex. J. Physiol., 1962, 160, 106-154.
INDOW, T., KUNO, G., & YOSHIDA, T. Studies on the induction in visual process taking the electrical phosphene as an index (2) Experiments on the propagation of the induction across the blind spot (1). Psychologia, 1958, 1, 175-181.
INDOW, T., KOYAZU, T., & YOSHIDA, T. Studies on the induction in visual process taking electrical phosphene as an index (5) Experiments on the propagation of the induction across the blind spot (2)., Jap. Psychol. Res., 1959, 1, No.7, 17-28.
INDOW, T., & KOYAZU, T. Experiments on induction in the binocular field composed of the independent monocular fields (1) Studies on induction in visual process taking electrical phosphene as an index (7)., Jap. Psychol. Res., 1960, 2, 142-151.
INDOW, T., KOYAZU, T., & KOZAKI, T. Experiments on the propagation of the induction across the blind spot (3). Studies on the induction in visual process taking electrical phosphene as an index (6). Jap. Psychol. Res., 1960, 1, No.9, 38-47.
INDOW, T., & KOYAZU, T. Experiments on induction in the binocular fields composed of the independent monocular fields (2). Studies on the induction in visual process taking electrical phosphene as an index (8). Jap. Psychol. Res., 1961, 1, No.3, 42-56.
INDOW, T., KUNO, U., YOSHIDA, T., & KOZAKI, T. Studies on the induction in visual process taking the electrical phosphene as an index (1). Experiments under the conditions involving shift of fixation (1). Jap. J. Psychol., 1958, 129, 29-40.
KATAYAMA, S., & AIZAWA, T. The mechanism of spatial induction in the retina. Tohoku J. exp. Med., 1956, 64, 179-187.
KORTE, A. Kinematoskopische Untersuchungen. z. Psychol., 1915, 72, 193-296.
KOYAZU, T. Studies on retinal induction. Jap. J. Psychol., 1963, 33, 28-39.
KUROSAWA, T., & KATAYAMA, S. Interaction of retinal receptors with electric stimuli in the human retina. Tohoku J. exp. Med., 1955, 63, 9-17.
LANGFELD, H. S. Apparent visual movement with a stationary stimulus. Amer. J. Psychol., 1927, 39, 343-355.
MARSHALL, W. H., & TALBOT, S. A. Recent evidence for neural mechanisms in vision leading to a general theory of sensory acuity. In Kliiver, H.(ed.), Visual mechanisms. Lancaster, 1942, pp.117-164.
MICHAELS, R. M. The electricalphosphene threshold as a measure of retinal induction and visual organization. J. exp. Psychol., 1957, 54, 21-27.
MOTOKAWA, K. Retinal processes and their role in color vision. J. Neurophysiol., 1949, 12, 291-303.(a)
MOTOXAWA, K. Physiological studies on mechanism of color reception in normal and colorblind subjects. J. Neurophysiol., 1949, 12, 465-474.(b)
MOTOKAWA, K. Physiological induction in human retina as basis of color blightness contrast. J. Neurophysiol., 1949, 12, 475-488.(c)
MOTOKAWA, K. Fields of retinal induction and optical illusion. J. Neurophysiol., 1950, 13, 413-426.
MOTOKAWA, K. Wave motion in propagation of retinal induction and visual fields (1). Nisshin Igaku, 1951, 38, 131-141.(a)
MOTOKAWA, K. Wave motion in propagation of retinal induction and visual fields (2). Nisshin Igaku, 1951, 8, 211-221.(b)
MOTOKAWA, K. Propagation of retinal induction. J. Neurophysiol., 1951, 14, 339-351.(c)
MOTOKAWA, K., IWAMA, K., & EBE, M. Retinal color processes in cats., Jap. J. Physiol., 1951, 2, 198-207.
MOTOXAWA, K. Retinal traces and visual perception of movement. J. exp. Psychol., 1953, 45,. 369.
MOTOKAWA, K., & EBE, M. The physiological mechanism of apparent movement. J. exp. Psychol., 1953, 45, 378-386.
MOTOKAWA, K., IWAMA, K., & EBE, M. Velocities of spreading induction in human and mammalian retinas. Tohoku J. exp. Med., 1953, 59, 11-22.
MOTOKAWA, K. Color contrast and physiological induction in human and mammalian retinas. Documenta Ophthalmologica, 1955, IX, 209-234.
MOTOKAWA, K., & KOMATSU, M. Reflection of spreading induction in the human retina. Tohoku J. exp. Med., 1957, 67, 29-41.
MOTOKAWA, K., EBE, M., KOMATSU, M., & WATANABE, K. Refraction of spreading induction in the retina. Tohoku J. exp. Med., 1958, 68, 139-149.
NAKAGAWA, D., & KOHATA, T. New facts on neutralization of retinal induction. Tohoku J. exp. Med., 1956, 64, 305-314.(a)
NAKAGAWA, D., & KOHATA, T. New facts on neutralization of retinal induction. Tohoku J. exp. Med., 1956, 64, 315-323.(b)
NEFF, W. S. A critical investigation of the visual apprehension of movement. Amer. J. Psychol., 1936, 48, 1-42.
NEUHAUS, W. Experimentelle Untersuchung der Scheinbewegung. Arch. ges. Psychol., 1930, 75, 315-458.
ONOKI, T., & YAMAMOTO, H. Colorimetric purity and retinal induction. Tohoku J. exp. Med., 1956, 65, 97-105.
SMITH, K. U. The neural centers concerned in the mediation of apparent movement vision. J. exp. Psychol., 1940, 26, 443-466.

Right : BARLOW, H. B., & HILL, R. M. Selective sensitivity of movement in ganglion cells of the rabit retina. Science, 1963, 139, 412-414.
BORING, E. G. Sensation and perception in the history of experimental psychology. N. Y.: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1942.
BROWN, J. F., & VOTH, A. C. The path of seen movement as a function of the vector field. Amer. J. Psychol., 1937, 49, 543-563.
DE SILVA, H. R. An experimental investigation of the determinants of apparent visual movement. Amer. J. Psychol., 1926, 37, 469-501.
GEBHARD, L. W. Motokawa's studies on electrical exitation of the human eye. Psychol. Bull., 1953, 50, 73-111.
GRAHAM, C. H. In Stevens, S. S.(ed.), Handbook of experimental psychology. N. Y. Wiley, 1951.
GRAHAM, C. H. On some aspects of real and apparent visual movement., J. opt. Soc. Amer., 1963, 53, 1019-1025.
HIGGINSON, G. D. The visual apprehension of movement under successive retinal exitations. Amer. J. Psychol., 1926, 37, 63-115.
HUBEL, D. H., & WIESEL, T. N. Receptive fields of single neurones in the cat's striate cortex., J. Physiol., 1959, 148, 574-591.
HUBEL, D. H., & WIESEL, T. M. Receptive fields, binocular interaction and functional architecture in the cat's visual cortex. J. Physiol., 1962, 160, 106-154.
INDOW, T., KUNO, U., & YOSHIDA, T. Studies on the induction in visual process taking the electrical phosphene as an index (2) Experiments on the propagation of the induction across the blind spot (1). Psychologia, 1958, 1, 175-181.
INDOW, T., KOYAZU, T., & YOSHIDA, T. Studies on the induction in visual process taking electrical phosphene as an index (5) Experiments on the propagation of the induction across the blind spot (2). Jap. psychol. Res., 1959, 1, No.7, 17-28.
INDOW, T., & KOYAZU, T. Experiments on induction in the binocular field composed of the independent monocular fields (1) Studies on induction in visual process taking electrical phosphene as an index (7). Jap. psychol. Res., 1960, 2, 142-151.
INDOW, T., KOYAZU, T., & KOZAKI, T. Experiments on the propagation of the induction across the blind spot (3). Studies on the induction in visual process taking electrical phosphene as an index (6). Jap. psychol. Res., 1960, 1, No.9, 38-47.
INDOW, T., & KOYAZU, T. Experiments on induction in the binocular fields composed of the independent monocular fields (2). Studies on the induction in visual process taking electrical phosphene as an index (8). Jap. Psychol. Res., 1961, 1, No.3, 42-56.
INDOW, T., KUNO, U., YOSHIDA, T., & KOZAKI, T. Studies on the induction in visual process taking the electrical phosphene as an index (1). Experiments under the conditions involving shift of fixation (1). Jap. J. Psychol., 1958, 129, 29-40.
KATAYAMA, S., & AIZAWA, T. The mechanism of spatial induction in the retina. Tohoku J. exp. Med., 1956, 64, 179-187.
KORTE, A. Kinematoskopische Untersuchungen. Z. Psychol., 1915, 72, 193-296.
KOYAZU, T. Studies on retinal induction. Jap. J. Psychol., 1963, 33, 28-39.
KUROSAWA, T., & KATAYAMA, S. Interaction of retinal receptors with electric stimuli in the human retina. Tohoku J. exp. Med., 1955, 63, 9-17.
LANGFELD, H. S. Apparent visual movement with a stationary stimulus. Amer. J. Psychol., 1927, 39, 343-355.
MARSHALL, W. H., & TALBOT, S. A. Recent evidence for neural mechanisms in vision leading to a general theory of sensory acuity. In Klüver, H.(ed.), Visual mechanisms. Lancaster, 1942, pp.117-164.
MICHAELS, R. M. The electrical phosphene threshold as a measure of retinal induction and visual organization. J. exp. Psychol., 1957, 54, 21-27.
MOTOKAWA, K. Retinal processes and their role in color vision. J. Neurophysiol., 1949, 12, 291-303.(a)
MOTOKAWA, K. Physiological studies on mechanism of color reception in normal and colorblind subjects. J. Neurophysiol., 1949, 12, 465-474.(b)
MOTOKAWA, K. Physiological induction in human retina as basis of color blightness contrast. J. Neurophysiol., 1949, 12, 475-488.(c)
MOTOKAWA, K. Fields of retinal induction and optical illusion. J. Neurophysiol., 1950, 13, 413-426.
MOTOKAWA, K. Wave motion in propagation of retinal induction and visual fields (1). Nisshin Igaku, 1951, 38, 131-141.(a)
MOTOKAWA, K. Wave motion in propagation of retinal induction and visual fields (2). Nisshin Igaku, 1951, 8, 211-221.(b)
MOTOKAWA, K. Propagation of retinal induction. J. Neurophysiol., 1951, 14, 339-351.(c)
MOTOKAWA, K., IWAMA, K., & EBE, M. Retinal color processes in cats., Jap. J. Physiol., 1951, 2, 198-207.
MOTOKAWA, K. Retinal traces and visual perception of movement. J. exp. Psychol., 1953, 45, 369.
MOTOKAWA, K., & EBE, M. The physiological mechanism of apparent movement. J. exp. Psychol., 1953, 45, 378-386.
MOTOKAWA, K., IWAMA, K., & EBE, M. Velocities of spreading induction in human and mammalian retinas. Tohoku J. exp. Med., 1953, 59, 11-22.
MOTOKAWA, K. Color contrast and physiological induction in human and mammalian retinas. Documenta Ophthalmologica, 1955, IX, 209-234.
MOTOKAWA, K., & KOMATSU, M. Reflection of spreading induction in the human retina. Tohoku J. exp. Med., 1957, 67, 29-41.
MOTOKAWA, K., EBE, M., KOMATSU, M., & WATANABE, K. Refraction of spreading induction in the retina. Tohoku J. exp. Med., 1958, 68, 139-149.
NAKAGAWA, D., & KOHATA, T. New facts on neutralization of retinal induction. Tohoku J. exp. Med., 1956, 64, 305-314.(a)
NAKAGAWA, D., & KOHATA, T. New facts on neutralization of retinal induction. Tohoku J. exp. Med., 1956, 64, 315-323.(b)
NEFF, W. S. A critical investigation of the visual apprehension of movement. Amer. J. Psychol., 1936, 48, 1-42.
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Abstract

The nature of the trace of apparent movement was investigated by making use of the phenomenon of neutralization concerning propagation of retinal induction discovered by Motokawa. Experiments were conducted in the right visual field as well as in the binocular field composed of the independent monocular ones, that is to say, under the two conditions; when apparent movement was caused monocularly, and when binocularly. Findings are as follows. The indirect induction does not traverse the trace of apparent movement resulted by the successive presentation of white luminous rectangles, no matter whether monocularly or binocularly they may be viewed. Moreover the trace of apparent movement has the reflecting effect upon the propagating induction.

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