EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCHES ON THE STRUCTURE OF THE PERCEPTUAL SPACE XXXI. METHODOLOGICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES ON SIZE CONSTANCY

YOSHIHARU AKISHIGE; TERUHIKO KURODA

doi:10.4992/psycholres1954.5.188

EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCHES ON THE STRUCTURE OF THE PERCEPTUAL SPACE

XXXI. METHODOLOGICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES ON SIZE CONSTANCY

YOSHIHARU AKISHIGE, TERUHIKO KURODA

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JOURNAL FREE ACCESS

1963 Volume 5 Issue 4 Pages 188-202

DOI https://doi.org/10.4992/psycholres1954.5.188

[Correction] Jpn. Psychol. Res Vol.6 No.2 (1964) pp.97a-97a

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Published: 1963 Received: December 14, 1963 Available on J-STAGE: February 24, 2009 Accepted: - Advance online publication: - Revised: -
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Date of correction: February 24, 2009 Reason for correction: - Correction: ABSTRACT Details: Wrong : 1) It was ascertained that the relation-ships between apparent size (s) and phy-sical distance (D) are expressed by General Functions I, II, III. Furthermore, we proposed General Function IV. It was found that apparent distance (d) was generally a power function of physical distance.
2) General functions [(1.46)-(1.49), (1.63)-(1.70), (1.77)-(1.88), and (1.92) -(1.95), (1.101)-(1.107)] were derived from much available data regarding the relationships i) between apparent size and apparent distance and visual angle (ψ) of the object, ii) between these three (s, d and ψ) plus the angle (α) subtended by the distance of the object at the observer's eye. iii) between apparent size and ap-parent distance, iv) between these two (s and d) and physical size (S) of the object and its physical distance.
3) These derived general functions (especially with regard to the relationship between s and d and ψ) were verified with a set of experiments using the method of ratio estimation.
4) The ‘size-distance invariance hypo-thesis’ (1.21) is considered a special case of these derived general functions. In this experiment, (1.21) was applicable to the data of SV Procedure rather than SC Procedure.
5) ‘Rump's function’ could not be verified under the condition that the sur-face was visible, but it was verified under the condition that the surface was invisible.
6) It was suggested that the pheno-menon called the ‘size-distance paradox’ and the phenomenon explained by the ‘size-distance assumption’ could be ex-pressed by the derived general functions.
7) Size constancy in SC Procedure was lower than in SV Procedure, but distance constancy in the former was almost the same as that in the latter.
8) The data or the functions obtained by the method of ratio (magnitude) estima-tion could be connected with the data obtained by the method of transposition [cf. formulae (1.59) and (1.60), (1.71)-(1.74), (1.98)-(1.100), (1.103) and (1.104)].
Right : It was found that the relationships between apparent size and physical distance are expressed by General Functions I, II, III, IV, and those between apparent distance and physical distance by a power function. General functions which describe the relationships between apparent size and apparent distance and visual angle, etc. of an object were derived from much available data. These functions were verified with a set of experiments using the method of ratio estimation. The ‘size-distance invariance hypothesis’, so called by Kilpatrick and Ittelson, is a special case of these general functions. It was found that the validity of ‘Rump's function’ is dependent on the experimental conditions. The equation of transformation was found between the data obtained by the method of ratio (magnitude) estimation and the method of transposition.

Date of correction: February 24, 2009 Reason for correction: - Correction: AUTHOR Details: Wrong : YOSHIHARU AKISHIGE¹⁾, TERUHIKO KURODA¹⁾²⁾
Right : YOSHIHARU AKISHIGE¹⁾, TERUHIKO KURODA¹⁾

Date of correction: February 24, 2009 Reason for correction: - Correction: AFFILIATION Details: Wrong :
1) Kyushu University
2) Kagoshima University.

Right :
1) Kyushu University

Date of correction: February 24, 2009 Reason for correction: - Correction: CITATION Details: Wrong : AKISHIGE, Y. Studies on constancy problem in Japan. Psychologia, 1958, 1, 143-157.
AKISHIGE, Y. Studies on constancy problem in Japan. Annual of Philosophy, Fac. Lit. Kyushu Univ., 1960, 22, 1-264.
AKISHIGE, Y. (Ed.) Experimental researches on the structure of the perceptual space. Bull. Fac. Lit. Kyushu Univ., 1961, 7, 1-314.
AKISHIGE, Y. Theoretical considerations on the problems of perceptual constancies. Bull. Fac. Lit. Kyushu Univ., 1961, 7, 1-57.
EPSTEIN, W., PARK, J., & CASEY, A. The current status of the size-distance hypotheses. Psychol. Bull., 1961, 58, 491-514.
GILINSKY, A. S. Perceived size and distance in visual space. Psychol. Rev., 1951, 58, 460-482.
GILINSKY, A. S. The relation of perceived size to perceived distance: an analysis of Gruber's data. Amer. J. Psychol., 1955, 68, 476-480.
GRUBER, H. E. The relation of perceived size to perceived distance. Amer. J. Psychol., 1954, 67, 411-426.
GRUBER, H. E. The size-distance paradox: A reply to Gilinsky. Amer. J. Psychol., 1956, 69, 469-476.
HOLWAY, A. H., & BORING, E. G. Determinants of apparent visual size with distance variant. Amer. J. Psychol., 1941, 54, 21-37.
KILPATRICK, F. P., & ITTELSON, W. H. Three demonstrations involving the visual perception of movement. J. exp. Psychol., 1952, 42, 394-403.
KILPATRICK, F. P., & ITTELSON, W. H. The size-distance invariance hypothesis. Psychol. Rev., 1953, 60, 223-231.
KOFFKA, K. Principles of Gestalt psychology. New York : Harcourt-Brace, 1935.
KUME, K. On the relation between perceived size and viewing distance with some consideration of factors determining size constancy: I. II. Jap. J. Psycholo. 1952, 22, 235-244 (I); 1953, 23, 32-43 (II).
KUNNAPAS, T. M. Scales for subjective distance. Scand. J. Psychol., 1960, 1, 187-192.
KURODA, T. Three experimental researches for apparent sizes of moving objects. Jap. J. Psychol., 1956, 26, 376-385.
KURODA, T. Experimental studies on size con-stancy. Bull. Far. Lit. Kyushu Univ., 1961, 7, 59-102.
KURODA, T. Experimental studies on size con-stancy. On the scaling of apparent size and apparent distance. Annual of Philosophy, Fac. Lit. Kyushu Univ., 1963. (In press.)
MAKINO, T. The problem of perceived size and distance. Jimbun Kenkyu, 1956, 7, 235-250.
MAKINO, T., & UENO, T. Some problems in the measurement of size constancy. Shinrigaku Hyoron, 1953, 3, 224-240.
MORI, T. On the relation between size constancy and viewing distance (1). Proc. 25th Convention of JPA, 1961, 36.
OGASAWARA, J., & MORI, T. On the indexes of size constancy. A revaluation of Thouless' index. Shinrigaku Hyoron, 1959, 3, 241-258.
OVER, R. Stimulus wavelength variation and size and distance judgements. Brit. J. Psychol., 1962, 53, 141-147.
OYAMA, T. Anew phychophysical method: Method of transposition or equal-appearing relations. Psychol. Bull., 1959, 56, 74-79.
RUMP, E. E. The relationship between perceived size and perceived distance. Brit. J. Psychol., 1961, 52, 111-124.
SCHLOSBERG, H. A note on depth perception, size constancy, and related topics. Psychol. Rev., 1950, 57, 314-317.
STEVENS, S. S. On the psychophysical law. Psychol. Rev., 1957, 64, 153-181.
STEVENS, S. S. Problems and methods of psycho-physics. Psychol. Bull., 1958, 55, 177-196.
STEVENS, S. S. The surprising simplicity of sen-sory metrics. Amer. Psychologist, 1962, 17, 29-39.
UENO, T. The size-distance invariance hypothesis and the psychophysical law. Jap. Psychol. Rev., 1962, 4, 99-112.

Right : AKISHIGE, Y. Studies on constancy problem in Japan. Psychologia, 1958, 1, 143-157.
AKISHIGE, Y. Studies on constancy problem in Japan. Annual of Philosophy, Fac. Lit Kyushu Univ., 1960, 22, 1-264.
AKISHIGE, Y.(Ed.) Experimental researches on the structure of the perceptual space. Bull. Fac. Lit. Kyushu Univ., 1961, 7, 1-314.
AKISHIGE, Y. Theoretical considerations on the problems of perceptual constancies. Bull. Fac. Lit. Kyushu LTniv., 1961, 7, 1-57.
EPSTEIN, W., PARK, J., & CASEY, A. The current status of the size-distance hypotheses. Psychol. Bull., 1961, 58, 491-514.
GILINSKY, A. S. Perceived size and distance in visual space. Psychol. Rev., 1951, 58, 460-482.
GILINSKY, A. S. The relation of perceived size to perceived distance: an analysis of Gruber's data. Amer. J. Psychol., 1955, 68, 476-480.
GRUBER, H. E. The relation of perceived size to perceived distance. Amer. J. Psychol., 1954, 67, 411-426.
GRUBER, H. E. The size-distance paradox: A reply to Gilinsky. Amer. J. Psychol., 1956, 69, 469-476.
HOLWAY, A. H., & BORING, E. G. Determinants of apparent visual size with distance variant. Amer. J. Psychol., 1941, 54, 21-37.
KILPATRICK, F. P., & ITTELSON, W. H. Three demonstrations involving the visual perception of movement. J. exp. Psychol., 1952, 42, 394-403.
KILPATRICK, F. P., & ITTELSON, W. H. The sizedistance invariance hypothesis. Psychol. Rev., 1953, 60, 223-231.
KOFFKA, K. Principles of Gestalt psychology. New York: Harcourt-Brace, 1935.
KUME, K. On the relation between perceived size and viewing distance with some consideration of factors determining size constancy: I. II., Jap. J. Psycholo. 1952, 22, 235-244 (I); 1953, 23, 32-43 (II).
KUNNAPAS, T. M. Scales for subjective distance. Scand., J. Psychol., 1960, 1, 187-192.
KURODA, T. Three experimental researches for apparent sizes of moving objects., Jap. Psychol., 1956, 26, 376-385.
KURODA, T. Experimental studies on size constancy. Bull. Fae. Lit. Kyushu Univ., 1961, 7, 59-102.
KURODA, T. Experimental studies on size constancy. On the scaling of apparent size and apparent distance. Annual of Philosophy, Fac. Lit. Kyushu Univ., 1963.(In press.)
MAKINO, T. The problem of perceived size and distance., Jimbun Kenkyu, 1956, 7, 235-250.
MAKINO, T., & UENO, T. Some problems in the measurement of size constancy. Shinrigaku Hyoron, 1953, 3, 224-240.
MORI, T. On the relation between size constancy and viewing distance (1). Proc. 25th Convention of, JPA, 1961, 36.
OGASAWARA, J., & Mom, T. On the indexes of size constancy. A revaluation of Thouless' index. Shinrigaku Hyoron, 1959, 3, 241-258.
OVER, R. Stimulus wavelength variation and size and distance judgements. Brit. J. Psychol., 1962, 53, 141-147.
OYAMA, T. A new phychophysical method: Method of transposition or equal-appearing relations. Psychol. Bull., 1959, 56, 74-79.
RUMP, E. E. The relationship between perceived size and perceived distance. Brit. J. Psychol., 1961, 52, 111-124.
SCHLOSBERG, H. A note on depth perception, size constancy, and related topics. Psychol. Rev., 1950, 57, 314-317.
STEVENS, S. S. On the psychophysical law. Psychol. Rev., 1957, 64, 153-181.
STEVENS, S. S. Problems and methods of psychophysics. Psychol. Bull., 1958, 55, 177-196.
STEVENS, S. S. The surprising simplicity of sensory metrics. Amer. Psychologist, 1962, 17, 29-39.
UENO, T. The size-distance invariance hypothesis and the psychophysical law. Jap. Psychol. Rev., 1962, 4, 99-112.

Date of correction: February 24, 2009 Reason for correction: - Correction: PDF FILE Details: -

Date of correction: February 24, 2009 Reason for correction: - Correction: CITATION Details: Wrong : AKISHIGE, Y. Studies on constancy problem in Japan. Psychologia, 1958, 1, 143-157.
AKISHIGE, Y. Studies on constancy problem in Japan. Annual of Philosophy, Fac. Lit Kyushu Univ., 1960, 22, 1-264.
AKISHIGE, Y.(Ed.) Experimental researches on the structure of the perceptual space. Bull. Fac. Lit. Kyushu Univ., 1961, 7, 1-314.
AKISHIGE, Y. Theoretical considerations on the problems of perceptual constancies. Bull. Fac. Lit. Kyushu LTniv., 1961, 7, 1-57.
EPSTEIN, W., PARK, J., & CASEY, A. The current status of the size-distance hypotheses. Psychol. Bull., 1961, 58, 491-514.
GILINSKY, A. S. Perceived size and distance in visual space. Psychol. Rev., 1951, 58, 460-482.
GILINSKY, A. S. The relation of perceived size to perceived distance: an analysis of Gruber's data. Amer. J. Psychol., 1955, 68, 476-480.
GRUBER, H. E. The relation of perceived size to perceived distance. Amer. J. Psychol., 1954, 67, 411-426.
GRUBER, H. E. The size-distance paradox: A reply to Gilinsky. Amer. J. Psychol., 1956, 69, 469-476.
HOLWAY, A. H., & BORING, E. G. Determinants of apparent visual size with distance variant. Amer. J. Psychol., 1941, 54, 21-37.
KILPATRICK, F. P., & ITTELSON, W. H. Three demonstrations involving the visual perception of movement. J. exp. Psychol., 1952, 42, 394-403.
KILPATRICK, F. P., & ITTELSON, W. H. The sizedistance invariance hypothesis. Psychol. Rev., 1953, 60, 223-231.
KOFFKA, K. Principles of Gestalt psychology. New York: Harcourt-Brace, 1935.
KUME, K. On the relation between perceived size and viewing distance with some consideration of factors determining size constancy: I. II., Jap. J. Psycholo. 1952, 22, 235-244 (I); 1953, 23, 32-43 (II).
KUNNAPAS, T. M. Scales for subjective distance. Scand., J. Psychol., 1960, 1, 187-192.
KURODA, T. Three experimental researches for apparent sizes of moving objects., Jap. Psychol., 1956, 26, 376-385.
KURODA, T. Experimental studies on size constancy. Bull. Fae. Lit. Kyushu Univ., 1961, 7, 59-102.
KURODA, T. Experimental studies on size constancy. On the scaling of apparent size and apparent distance. Annual of Philosophy, Fac. Lit. Kyushu Univ., 1963.(In press.)
MAKINO, T. The problem of perceived size and distance., Jimbun Kenkyu, 1956, 7, 235-250.
MAKINO, T., & UENO, T. Some problems in the measurement of size constancy. Shinrigaku Hyoron, 1953, 3, 224-240.
MORI, T. On the relation between size constancy and viewing distance (1). Proc. 25th Convention of, JPA, 1961, 36.
OGASAWARA, J., & Mom, T. On the indexes of size constancy. A revaluation of Thouless' index. Shinrigaku Hyoron, 1959, 3, 241-258.
OVER, R. Stimulus wavelength variation and size and distance judgements. Brit. J. Psychol., 1962, 53, 141-147.
OYAMA, T. A new phychophysical method: Method of transposition or equal-appearing relations. Psychol. Bull., 1959, 56, 74-79.
RUMP, E. E. The relationship between perceived size and perceived distance. Brit. J. Psychol., 1961, 52, 111-124.
SCHLOSBERG, H. A note on depth perception, size constancy, and related topics. Psychol. Rev., 1950, 57, 314-317.
STEVENS, S. S. On the psychophysical law. Psychol. Rev., 1957, 64, 153-181.
STEVENS, S. S. Problems and methods of psychophysics. Psychol. Bull., 1958, 55, 177-196.
STEVENS, S. S. The surprising simplicity of sensory metrics. Amer. Psychologist, 1962, 17, 29-39.
UENO, T. The size-distance invariance hypothesis and the psychophysical law. Jap. Psychol. Rev., 1962, 4, 99-112.

Right : AKISHIGE, Y. Studies on constancy problem in Japan. Psychologia, 1958, 1, 143-157.
AKISHIGE, Y. Studies on constancy problem in Japan. Annual of Philosophy, Fac. Lit Kyushu Univ., 1960, 22, 1-264.
AKISHIGE, Y.(Ed.) Experimental researches on the structure of the perceptual space. Bull. Fac. Lit. Kyushu Univ., 1961, 7, 1-314.
AKISHIGE, Y. Theoretical considerations on the problems of perceptual constancies. Bull. Fac. Lit. Kyushu Univ., 1961, 7, 1-57.
EPSTEIN, W., PARK, J., & CASEY, A. The current status of the size-distance hypotheses. Psychol. Bull., 1961, 58, 491-514.
GILINSKY, A. S. Perceived size and distance in visual space. Psychol. Rev., 1951, 58, 460-482.
GILINSKY, A. S. The relation of perceived size to perceived distance: an analysis of Gruber's data. Amer. J. Psychol., 1955, 68, 476-480.
GRUBER, H. E. The relation of perceived size to perceived distance. Amer. J. Psychol., 1954, 67, 411-426.
GRUBER, H. E. The size-distance paradox: A reply to Gilinsky. Amer. J. Psychol., 1956, 69, 469-476.
HOLWAY, A. H., & BORING, E. G. Determinants of apparent visual size with distance variant. Amer. J. Psychol., 1941, 54, 21-37.
KILPATRICK, F. P., & ITTELSON, W. H. Three demonstrations involving the visual perception of movement. J. exp. Psychol., 1952, 42, 394-403.
KILPATRICK, F. P., & ITTELSON, W. H. The sizedistance invariance hypothesis. Psychol. Rev., 1953, 60, 223-231.
KOFFKA, K. Principles of Gestalt psychology. New York: Harcourt-Brace, 1935.
KUME, K. On the relation between perceived size and viewing distance with some consideration of factors determining size constancy: I. II., Jap. J. Psycholo. 1952, 22, 235-244 (I); 1953, 23, 32-43 (II).
KUNNAPAS, T. M. Scales for subjective distance. Scand., J. Psychol., 1960, 1, 187-192.
KURODA, T. Three experimental researches for apparent sizes of moving objects., Jap. Psychol., 1956, 26, 376-385.
KURODA, T. Experimental studies on size constancy. Bull. Fac. Lit. Kyushu Univ., 1961, 7, 59-102.
KURODA, T. Experimental studies on size constancy. On the scaling of apparent size and apparent distance. Annual of Philosophy, Fac. Lit. Kyushu Univ., 1963.(In press.)
MAKINO, T. The problem of perceived size and distance., Jimbun Kenkyu, 1956, 7, 235-250.
MAKINO, T., & UENO, T. Some problems in the measurement of size constancy. Shinrigaku Hyoron, 1953, 3, 224-240.
MORI, T. On the relation between size constancy and viewing distance (1). Proc. 25th Convention of, JPA, 1961, 36.
OGASAWARA, J., & MORI, T. On the indexes of size constancy. A revaluation of Thouless' index. Shinrigaku Hyoron, 1959, 3, 241-258.
OVER, R. Stimulus wavelength variation and size and distance judgements. Brit. J. Psychol., 1962, 53, 141-147.
OYAMA, T. A new phychophysical method: Method of transposition or equal-appearing relations. Psychol. Bull., 1959, 56, 74-79.
RUMP, E. E. The relationship between perceived size and perceived distance. Brit. J. Psychol., 1961, 52, 111-124.
SCHLOSBERG, H. A note on depth perception, size constancy, and related topics. Psychol. Rev., 1950, 57, 314-317.
STEVENS, S. S. On the psychophysical law. Psychol. Rev., 1957, 64, 153-181.
STEVENS, S. S. Problems and methods of psychophysics. Psychol. Bull., 1958, 55, 177-196.
STEVENS, S. S. The surprising simplicity of sensory metrics. Amer. Psychologist, 1962, 17, 29-39.
UENO, T. The size-distance invariance hypothesis and the psychophysical law. Jap. Psychol. Rev., 1962, 4, 99-112.

Abstract

It was found that the relationships between apparent size and physical distance are expressed by General Functions I, II, III, IV, and those between apparent distance and physical distance by a power function. General functions which describe the relationships between apparent size and apparent distance and visual angle, etc. of an object were derived from much available data. These functions were verified with a set of experiments using the method of ratio estimation. The ‘size-distance invariance hypothesis’, so called by Kilpatrick and Ittelson, is a special case of these general functions. It was found that the validity of ‘Rump's function’ is dependent on the experimental conditions. The equation of transformation was found between the data obtained by the method of ratio (magnitude) estimation and the method of transposition.

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