EFFECT OF THE GRADUAL CHANGE OF DISTRIBUTION OF PRACTICE IN MOTOR LEARNING

KIYOSHI AKITA

doi:10.4992/psycholres1954.8.18

KIYOSHI AKITA

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JOURNAL FREE ACCESS

1966 Volume 8 Issue 1 Pages 18-29

DOI https://doi.org/10.4992/psycholres1954.8.18

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Published: 1966 Received: December 11, 1965 Available on J-STAGE: February 24, 2009 Accepted: - Advance online publication: - Revised: -
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Date of correction: February 24, 2009 Reason for correction: - Correction: ABSTRACT Details: Wrong : In order to examine the inconsistent findings regarding the gradual change in distribution of practice, junior high school girls worked a printing task under 3 conditions of different inter-session rest interval. Each condition had 3 control groups, in which intertrial intervals were 0, 15 and 30 see, respectively, and 2 Exp. groups, one with an increasing rest intersession (M-D) and the other with a decreasing one (D-M). The results did not coincide with Snoddy's hypothesis, but did with those of Doré & Hilgard and Cook & Hilgard. Group M-D was superior to group D-M under the condition of “no rest” inter-session, but there was no significant difference between the two Exp. groups under the condition of one day rest inter-session.
The result under the condition of the 10 min rest inter-session was between both of the above conditions. The results were discussed in relation to theories of two growth, maturation, and inhibition.
Right : In order to examine the inconsistent findings regarding the gradual change in distribution of practice, junior high school girls worked a printing task under 3 conditions of different inter-session rest interval. Each condition had 3 control groups, in which intertrial intervals were 0, 15 and 30 sec, respectively, and 2 Exp. groups, one with an increasing rest intersession (M-D) and the other with a decreasing one (D-M). The results did not coincide with Snoddy's hypothesis, but did with those of Doré & Hilgard and Cook & Hilgard. Group M-D was superior to group D-M under the condition of “no rest” inter-session, but there was no significant difference between the two Exp. groups under the condition of one day rest inter-session. The result under the condition of the 10 min rest inter-session was between both of the above conditions.
The results were discussed in relation to theories of two growth, maturation, and inhibition.

Date of correction: February 24, 2009 Reason for correction: - Correction: CITATION Details: Wrong : ADAMS, J. A., & REYNOLDS, B. 1954 Effect of shifting in distribution of practice conditions following interpolated rest., J. exp. Psychol., 47, 32-36.
AKITA, K. 1956 On conditioned inhibition in human learning. Jap. J. Psychol., 27, 94-108.
AKITA, K. 1959 Reminiscence and effect of prerest distributed practice in motor learning. Jinbungaku Doshisha Univ., 45, 32-59.
AMMONS, R. B. 1947 Acquisition of motor learning; I. Quantitative analysis and theoretical formulation. Psychol. Rev., 54, 263-281.
BELL, H. M. 1942 Rest pauses in motor learning as related to Snoddy's hypothesis of mental growth. Psychol. Monogr., 54, No. 243.
COOK, B. S., & HILGARD, E. R. 1949 Distributed practice in motor learning: Progressively in creasing and decreasing rests., J. exp. Psychol., 39, 169-172.
DORÉ, L. R., & HILGARD, E. R. 1937 Spaced practice and the maturation hypothesis., J. Psychol., 4, 245-259.
DORÉ, L. R., & HLIGARD, E. R. 1938 Spaced practice as a test of Snoddy's two processes in mental growth., J. exp. Psychol., 23, 359-374.
HAYASHI, T. 1961 Effects of distributed and massed learning. 4. The length of intertrial rest and its effects on sensory motor learning. Bull. Kyoto Gakugei Univ., 17, 17-23.
HULL, C. L. 1951 Essentials of behavior. New York: Yale Univ. Press.
HUMPHREYS, L. G. 1937 The factor of time in pursuit rotor learning. J. Psychol., 3, 429-436.
IRION, A. L. 1949 Reminiscence pursuit-rotor learning as a function of length of rest and of amount of pre-rest practice. J. exp. Psychol., 39, 492-499.
JAIINKE, J. C. 1961 Postrest motor learning performance as a function of degree of learning. J. exp. Psychol., 62, 605-611.
KIMBLE, G. A. 1949 a An experimental test of a two factor theory of inhibition., J. exp. Psychol., 39, 15-23.
KIMBLE, G. A. 1949 b Performance and reminiscence in motor learning as a function of the degree of distribution of practice., J. exp. Psychol., 39, 500-510.
KIMBLE, G. A. & HORENSTEIN, B. R. 1948 Reminiscence in motor learning as a function of length of interpolated rest., J. exp. Psychol., 38, 239-244.
MCGEOCII, J. A., & IRION, A. L. 1952 The Psychology of human learning. New York: Longmans, Green and Co.
REYNOLDS, B., & ADAMS, J. A. 1953 Effect of distribution and shift in distribution of practice within a single training session. J. exp. Psychol., 46, 137-145.
SCHUCKER, R. E., STEVENS, L. B., & ELLIS, D. S. 1953 A retest for conditioned inhibition in the alphabet-printing task. J. exp. Psychol., 46, 97-102.
SNODDY, G. S. 1935 Evidence for two opposed processes in mental growth. Lancaster, Pa.: Science Press.
SNODDY, G. S. 1938 A reply to Doré and Hilgard. J. exp. Psychol., 23, 375-383.
TSAO, J. C. 1950 a Shifting of distribution of practice in mirror drawing. J. exp. Psychol., 40, 639-642.
TSAO, J. C. 1950 b Mixed distribution of practice in mirror drawing. J. exp. Psychol., 40, 752-755.
WASSERMAN, H. N. 1951 The effect of motivation and amount of pre-rest practice upon inhibitory potential in motor learning. J. exp. Psychol., 42, 162-172.
WASSERMAN, H. N. 1952 A unifying theoretical approach to motor learning. Psychol. Rev., 59, 278-284.

Right : ADAMS, J. A., & REYNOLDS, B. 1954 Effect of shifting in distribution of practice conditions following interpolated rest. J. exp. Psychol., 47, 32-36.
AKITA, K. 1956 On conditioned inhibition in human learning. Jap., J. Psychol., 27, 94-108.
AKITA, K. 1959 Reminiscence and effect of prerest distributed practice in motor learning. Jinbungaku Doshisha Univ., 45, 32-59.
AMMONS, R. B. 1947 Acquisition of motor learning; I. Quantitative analysis and theoretical formulation. Psychol. Rev., 54, 263-281.
BELL, H. M. 1942 Rest pauses in motor learning as related to Snoddy's hypothesis of mental growth. Psychol. Monogr., 54, No.243.
COOK, B. S., & HILGARD, E. R. 1949 Distributed practice in motor learning: Progressively increasing and decreasing rests. J. exp. Psychol., 39, 169-172.
DORÉ, L. R., & HILGARD, E. R. 1937 Spaced practice and the maturation hypothesis. J. Psychol., 4, 245-259.
DORÉ, L. R., & HLIGARD, E. R. 1938 Spaced practice as a test of Snoddy's two processes in mental growth. J. exp. Psychol., 23, 359-374.
HAYASHI, T. 1961 Effects of distributed and massed learning. 4. The length of intertrial rest and its effects on sensory motor learning. Bull. Kyoto Gakugei Univ., 17, 17-23.
HULL, C. L. 1951 Essentials of behavior. New York: Yale Univ. Press.
HUMPHREYS, L. G. 1937 The factor of time in pursuit rotor learning. J. Psychol., 3, 429-436.
IRION, A. L. 1949 Reminiscence pursuit-rotor learning as a function of length of rest and of amount of pre-rest practice. J. exp. Psychol., 39, 492-499.
JAHNKE, J. C. 1961 Postrest motor learning performance as a function of degree of learning. J. exp. Psychol., 62, 605-611.
KIMBLE, G. A. 1949 a An experimental test of a two factor theory of inhibition., J. exp. Psychol., 39, 15-23.
KIMBLE, G. A. 1949 b Performance and reminiscence in motor learning as a function of the degree of distribution of practice. J. exp. Psychol., 39, 500-510.
KIMBLE, G. A. & HORENSTEIN, B. R. 1948 Reminiscence in motor learning as a function of length of interpolated rest. J. exp. Psychol., 38, 239-244.
MCGEOCH, J. A., & IRION, A. L. 1952 The Psychology of human learning. New York: Longmans, Green and Co.
REYNOLDS, B., & ADAMS, J. A. 1953 Effect of distribution and shift in distribution of practice within a single training session. J. exp. Psychol., 46, 137-145.
SCHUCKER, R. E., STEVENS, L. B., & ELLIS, D. S. 1953 A retest for conditioned inhibition in the alphabet-printing task. J. exp. Psychol., 46, 97-102.
SNODDY, G. S. 1935 Evidence for two opposed processes in mental growth. Lancaster, Pa.: Science Press.
SNODDY, G. S. 1938 A reply to Doré and Hilgard. J. exp. Psychol., 23, 375-383.
TSAO, J. C. 1950 a Shifting of distribution of practice in mirror drawing. J. exp. Psychol., 40, 639-642.
TSAO, J. C. 1950 b Mixed distribution of practice in mirror drawing. J. exp. Psychol., 40, 752-755.
WASSERMAN, H. N. 1951 The effect of motivation and amount of pre-rest practice upon inhibitory potential in motor learning. J. exp. Psychol., 42, 162-172.
WASSERMAN, H. N. 1952 A unifying theoretical approach to motor learning. Psychol. Rev., 59, 278-284.

Date of correction: February 24, 2009 Reason for correction: - Correction: PDF FILE Details: -

Abstract

In order to examine the inconsistent findings regarding the gradual change in distribution of practice, junior high school girls worked a printing task under 3 conditions of different inter-session rest interval. Each condition had 3 control groups, in which intertrial intervals were 0, 15 and 30 sec, respectively, and 2 Exp. groups, one with an increasing rest intersession (M-D) and the other with a decreasing one (D-M). The results did not coincide with Snoddy's hypothesis, but did with those of Doré & Hilgard and Cook & Hilgard. Group M-D was superior to group D-M under the condition of “no rest” inter-session, but there was no significant difference between the two Exp. groups under the condition of one day rest inter-session. The result under the condition of the 10 min rest inter-session was between both of the above conditions.
The results were discussed in relation to theories of two growth, maturation, and inhibition.

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