中国武術の文化産業化

「功夫伝奇」を事例にして

抄録

　　The Legend of Kungfu (hereinafter "Legend") is a musical of Shaolinsi Kempo as the central theme and it describes the process of hardship of a child called Junichi in becoming a chief priest through the Zen practice and knightly efforts. Since its first performance in July 2004, it has received good reputation mainly from foreign tourists and its overseas performance since August 2005 was successful. It is one of the most attention-drawing cultural products. They established their subsidiary company in Branson, Missouri in July 2010 to go international, and performed "Legend" which was revised into an American version. There are two purposes of this thesis. First, the social background of martial arts' industrialization is discussed; through what process it came to play an important role as a symbol of Chinese culture although it was positioned as a mere type of sport. Next, transformation of cultural symbol of martial arts in the process of industrialization is clarified. Two factors may be considered as social background; one of them is related to change of the government's ideology policy around the 1990s. Due to the political convulsion and corruption of cold war structure from the Cultural Revolution to crushing of the pro­democracy movement, public faith towards Marxism and Maoism was greatly disturbed. Furthermore, the reform and door-opening policies had not conformed to the existing style of nationalism such as the existing anti-feudalism and anti-imperialism. Under such social circumstance, it is inevitable to change the nationalism in order for the Communist Party to recapture the public faith for them and continue economic modernization maintaining united stability of the nation. By focusing on the peculiarity of Chinese culture to flourish the nationalism which became superficial, they started to justify government from nationalist's view. Based on such background, the value of martial arts has been highly evaluated as a symbol of traditional culture. The second factor is the influence of cultural system reformation. Cultural policy used to be considered as a mean to advertise the Communist Party's ideology. Since Chinese economic system was logically clarified as Chinese socialist market economics in 1992, market economics logic has been brought to the cultural policy which had been conducted as the nation's public service. In the late 1990s, GDP per person reached nearly $1,000, where a large amount of surplus fund would turn into consumption in the near future, and in 2005, potential cultural consumption ability was expected to double that of 1997. In consideration of the above condition, in 2000, the concept of industrialization of culture began to be proposed and positioned as an important part of the nation's economic development plan. Cultural industrialization, from an aspect of cultural content, is to bring the logic of profit and competition to tangible and intangible cultural heritage. While cultural replication is developed, people demand more realistic culture. They, however, result in the paradox that there is no real culture anywhere. This thesis first-refers to Cao Xiao-ning, the president of Heaven Creatio!l who produces and operates "Legend". Cao used to work as the head of an art organization which belonged to the Ministry of Inner Mongolia, but he started up Heaven Creation by himself riding on the wave of reform and door-opening. Cao's background and process of company establishment well reflect the situation of culture industrialization from 1990 to 2000. Furthermore, through the analysis of the "Legend" text, we present the specific sample where martial art is de-contextualized from its original culture and symbolized in cultural hybridity.
(※Due to word limit in J-Stage, please refer to the PDF file below)