西部インドネシア塊莖・果樹栽培民の豚飼育

豚飼育起源論および東南アジア文化史への寄與

抄録

The hunting of wild pigs thrives or used to thrive among representatives of pre-Austric cultures in Western Indonesia such as the Engano-islanders and the Shom Pen of the Great Nicobar Island. The young pigs which are caught are kept in cages and then ritually slaughtered. There is still no genuine pig breeding and we have no report on the castration of pigs. This form of pig keeping has some similarities with the bear keeping among the Ainu and Gilyak for their festivals. It might be regarded, purely typologically speaking, as an intermediate or transitional form between that of pig hunting and pig breeding.
Genuine pig breeding begins in Western Indonesia first with Austric cultures: in Mentawei, Nias (rice cultivation area) and Nicobar Islands. Castration by severing is practised. The method of killing was originally by stabbing with a bamboo knife. There is a taboo against the eating of pigs, when their death is not caused by ritual killing. The appearance of Austric cultures in Southeast Asia is generally assumed to date back to about 1, 500 BC. This means that the first occurrence of pig breeding in Southeast Asia is much later than that in the Near East, i. e. about 5, 000 BC. In my opinion, therefore, the pig breeding in Southeast Asia is of western origin.
Some features of the megalithic complex are: the killing of pigs at the feast of merits (in Nias and Car Nicobar), traces of megalithic forked poles (in Nias, Chaura and Car Nicobar), and pig-fighting (in Car Nicobar).
Other features should be ascribed to younger cultural waves: divination from entrails (maybe a Dongson-culture element, in Mentawei and Nias), the myth of the marriage between sows and the ancestor of the Engano Islanders who came with a prauw, and the myth of the origin of pigs from the world tree in Nias.