オランダ東印度會社の西部ジャワに於ける義務供出制度 (verplicht leverantiën) について

抄録

The theme of this treatise consists of the following: (1) What shape did “Forced Deliveries” take, when the Dutch East India Company, typically representative of European commercial capitalists, ruled over West Java and became a political power? and (2) What influence did this have on the society of West Java?
Chapter 1. Realization and Change of “Forced Deliveries”
Section 1. Increase in trade
The Dutch East India Company founded the city of Batavia in 1619. The founding of the city necessitated construction materials and necessaries of life and, as a result of this, the trade in wood and food between Batavia and its neighboring places began. But the Company, establishing its influence in West Java, interfered with trade hitherto made freely between Batavia and the neighboring places and bought articles at prices and in quantities desired one-sidedly by them alone.
Section 2. Rise of “Forced Deliveries”
Towards the end of the 17th century the Company making a large profit in the cotton-yarn trade, and Indian cotton being scarce, made forcible purchases from Priangan in West Java in 1694; thus “Forced Deliveries” of cotton-yarn was established, delivery-quantity and purchase price being determined by the Company. In 1695 wax, kardamon, pepper, bird's nest, pearl and indigo were added to the above goods.
Section 3. Decline of Cultivation owing to rebellion and strengthening of “Forced Deliveries”
The rebellion of Prewata Sari (1700-1705) dealt a severe blow to cultivation and hindered delivery. The Company appointed Pangeran Aria Tjirebon, Prince of Cheribon as Opzigten der Cheribonsch Preangerlanden. And through his inspection of the extent of jurisdiction and his efforts in urging the people, both cultivation and delivery recovered.
Section 4. Introduction of Coffee cultivation and its vissicitudes
The Company having gained a large profit by importing coffee from Mocha in Arabia in the 17th century, on Turkey's interference with the export of coffee, tried to cultivate the said goods in Java. The first delivery of coffee, 102 pounds, was made in 1711. And the purchase price was very profitable both to the natives and the Company. As a result of this, the delivery increased to 894 pounds in 1711, and 2380 pounds in 1712, and a further increase, amounting to about 2, 500, 000 pounds was made in 1724, while in 1725 it exceeded 4, 000, 000 pounds. The Company feared that this unexpected amount of delivery would bring about a heavy fall in price owing to overproduction, and hastened to lower the purchase price of coffee. The price reduction had an immediate effect on coffee cultivation and the natives began to cut down coffee trees. In 1728 the amount of delivery fell far below the 4, 000, 000 pounds required by Holland, and the Company ordered each household (“huisgezin”) to plant more than ten coffee trees.
In this way coffee hitherto freely cultivated came to be grown compulsorily just like cotton and indigo. And the purchase price was raised. But as coffee delivery increased again in 1733, the Company was menaced with overproduction. Thus in 1735 the Company restricted the planting and in 1738 ordered half the trees to be cut down. Such steps taken by the Company gave rise to a decline in coffee cultivation.
In 1791, however, a great rebellion of negroes took place in St. Domingo Island, which produced 2/3 of the world's coffee, and this caused so heavy a rise in the price of coffee that the Company once more encouraged coffee cultivation, and eventually, in 1793, more than 80, 000 picols were delivered, which greatly enriched the Company. But in 1798 the above Company was dissolved.
Chapter 2. “Forced Deliveries” and its mechanism
After the Company's possession of West Java was ensured, it divided the, land into Jacatra and Cheribon. The former of which was put under the direct control of the Company