Reconsidering Second Language Learning from a Complex Dynamic Systems Theory Perspective: Lessons from a 15-Year Project

Abstract

Language, deeply intertwined with our cultural, social, and psychological facets, changes dynamically over time through the constant interaction of these elements. Among these linguistic phenomena, second language learning is a complex process undertaken by learners from diverse backgrounds, each with different native languages, experiences, personalities, motivations, and learning objectives. Complex Dynamic Systems Theory (CDST) provides a theoretical framework for reconsidering and re-examining second language learning from a transdisciplinary perspective, transcending the boundaries of academic fields. This paper draws on CDST to explore the nature of second language learning, the processes through which it unfolds, and the reasons why some individuals progress while others in the same educational environment do not. This paper begins by defining a “complex system” and explaining its characteristics and associated phenomena. Subsequently, I will explain a research project my co-research and I have conducted over the past 15 years. This project investigates the development of university students' second language writing skills through the repetition of a writing task. To date, we have collected over 18,000 English writing samples from more than 600 university students. The findings from this project can be consolidated into two major aspects: the long-term development of L2 writing, and changes in learner psychology, particularly concerning learner agency. Regarding the former, we investigated how task repetition affects the development of L2 writing skills, identifying the conditions for phase shifts and long-term developmental patterns. In relation to the latter, we examined how changes in learner agency interact with the L2 writing system, yielding various insights into the influence of an agentive attitude towards English learning on the development of writing skills. Based on the lessons learned from this research project, this paper will conclude by considering second language learning from a new perspective.