フランス封建制の理解のために : 牧畜世界と農業世界

抄録

It cannot be denied that the natural or agricultural economy had been predominant in both the feudal ages of Japan and France or Occident. The basis of natural economy, however, was different from each other. Japanese agriculture often called "gardening", did not necessitate any use of animal and had no connection with the stock raising. It was exclusively a cerealsproduction. On the contrary, there was an intimate connecton between the cereals production and the stock raising in Occidental agriculture. From the viewpoint of Japanese, the essence of Occidental agriculture had been in practising the stock raising, and even after the development of cereals-production, it was always accompanied by the stock raising. In other words, Occidental agriculure, apart from the Japanese, was to be ruled by the pattern of stock raising. Feudal ages of Occident, therefore, is supposed to begin when the combination of cereals-production and stock raising made an appearance. So, concerning the formation of French or Occidental feudalism, we can distinguish following three atages. 1) The proto-feudal stage of 9th and 10th centuries where the stock raising had been predominant and the cereals-production negligible. The so-alled classical manor, e.g. the 9th century maanor of the Abbaye of St. Germain des Pres, could not have recourse to the exploitation of the surplus of cereals from its dependent farmers except few cases. The most universal form of rent it required was one of live-stock (eggs, chickens, oxen, sheeps, pigs, etc.), and then came the forced labor (corvee). 2) The first feudal stage of 11th and 12th centuries when the "agricultural revolution" proposed by Georges Duby had developped. In this stage the production-rise of cereals was enormous and radical due to the diffusion of three field system, the extension of cultivated land and the intensification of ploughing. Consequently, it became possible for the territorial seigneur to exploit dependent farmers more effectively and to establish himself as a real feudal lord. 3) The second feudal stage of 13th cenury and thereafter when some of cultivated land had been deserted and the stock raising flourished again. Riches, seigneurs or upper citizens, appropriated the considerable dimension of land, especially the so-called common land where had been theretofore opened to the use of dependent farmers and practised the profitable stock raising. Farmers excluded from the common land, were obliged to resort to the stock raising on their arable land. Thus, the practice of theree field system was intensified, and the calender of agriculture collectivized. Rual communities were established everywhere, and began to control the seeding and harvesting of their inhabitants.