瑞金時代に関する一考察 : 農村革命の展開と土地革命政策をめぐる党内闘争

抄録

This study intends to make clear the actual condition of the land revolution movement in the years 1931-1934 which was developed in the red base areas and to research the essence; as well a; the formative process, of Mao Tse-tung's thought of the land policy. Before November 1931 when Land Law of the Chinese Soviet Republic was adopted by the First National Soviet Congress, the difference of opinion in land redistribution had already existed between Mao and the Central Committee of CCP controlled by the students returned from Russia. In the above-mentioned land law, although Mao's opinion was taken into consideration to some extent, most of the claims of the students returned from Russia was adopted. Since then; however, Mao as the chief executive and prime minister led the land revolution movement on the basis of this law. From November 1931 till June 1933 the progress of the land revolution in Kiangsi(江西) red area was better than that in other areas. But according to Mao's Rural Survey, in spite that many poor peasants were released from the exploitation of landlords and rich peasants after the collapse of feudal system in villages, their living was not always found stabilized. The causes thereof were (1) general rise of prices of main agricultural products in red areas, (2) ceaseless battle against Kuoming-tang (国民党) troops, and (3) not infrequent insidious obstructions who deceitfully joined the revolutionary camp. In addition, the dread among middle peasants lest their interests should be violated often prevented the land revolution from progressing. To break through these difficulties the Land Investigation Drive was started in June 1933 and seems to have obtained some success by the end of that year. From the point of Mao's view, the aim of this Drive was to strengthen revolutionary power, to secure the living of medium-scale peasants and to isolate the enemy through the reinvestigation of land distribution process and reinspection of the revolutionary organizations. But the students returned from Russia criticized Mao's policy as the rich peasant line and even deprived him of his leadership. Then the land revolution under the direct leadership of those students expanded the targets to attack, which caused many people desert their camp and led to the defeat against the Fifth Campaign of Kuomin-tang troops. To Mao it was the period of disgusting, extreme hardship, but at the same time it gave them valuable lessons. To summerize Mao's way of land revolution, we can see a combination of two standpoints: one is thoroughgoing egalitarianism, the other is attaching great importance to political relations. It seems that since then this combination has been one of his principal thoughts.