長崎貿易における在唐荷主について : 乾隆∼咸豊期の日清貿易の官商・民商

抄録

The Chinese consignors consisted of two type merchants in Sino-Japanese trade after the middle of the 18th century. One type was the official marchant (官商), and the other was the private merchant (民商). The former was designated by the Ch'ing goverment, and they were alternated one after another by the government. For example, their names were the Fan family (苑氏), the Wanu family (王氏), the Ch'ien family (銭氏) and the Wang family (王氏) and so on. The members of the Fan family who were designated by the government were Fan yu bin (茫毓〓), his second son Fan qing zhu (苑清注), his eldest son Fan qing hong (范清洪) and his nephew Fan qing ji (范清済). The Fan family had been recognized merchants of Ch'ing government since his grandfather's time. He was in trade of salt, ginsengs, copper and rice and so on. His grandfather and he made a fortune by transporting the munitions of Ch'ing's army for Ch'ing-Jun Ghar war. The latter which was designated by the Ch'ing government in 1714 consisted of twelve merchants. They were called "Ju-ni-ka (十二家)" in Japan, and in China they were named Gong-ju (公局) and E-shang (額商) and so on. They decreased in number into seven about 1780, but even after that in Japan they continued to be called "Ju-ni-ka". And after the 1790's the private consignor who was designated by the Ch'ing government was only one. In about 1780 their names were Shen yun shan (沈雲贍), Wang lu jie (王履階), Gao shan hui (高山輝), Wu you guang (呉有光), Yu kuai shi (兪会時), Yang yue huai (楊岳懐) and Wu ming luan (呉鳴鸞). Two of them, Wang lu jie and Gao shan hui, visited Nagasaki (長崎) in the Ch'ien-lung (乾隆) era. Evidently, Wang lu jie became the official merchant in 1796. Some of them settled in Soochow (蘇州). This was a cultural, political, and economic center in the Chiang-nan (江南). And this city was near Cha-p'u (乍浦) of Che chiang-sheng (浙江省), the central port of Sino-Japanese trade. Therefore, it was easy for them to collect cargos and put all trade goods on the market. And as they used their jin-ren (家人) or Ya-hang (牙行) of Cha-p'u in business transactions of the trade, the consignors could remain mere investors of trading capital. After the forces of T'ai-p'ing t'ien-kuo (太平天国) attacked Soochow and Cha-p'u in June 1860, the consignors could not maintain usual way of business and they had the misfortune to be ruined. And the Sino-Japanese trade ended in 1861.