一九世紀中葉のロシア西部における農業構造に関する考察 : 「プロシア型」進化の構造

抄録

This paper seeks to clarify the agrarian structure in the middle of the 19th century in the Western regions of the Russian Empire, i.e. Lithuanian and White Russian prefectures of the North-West and part of Ukrainean prefectures of the South-West. To begin with, we shall examine the systems of agricultural land and point out that there existed three forms; (1) rope-form land system (sznu-rowa czerespolosica) (2) block-strip system and (3) scattered land system. After describing these three systems and their geographical distribution, we shall survey historical process. It is obvious that of the above three the first system prevailed most wide spread while the second that was typical of Central Russia was only found in the East of White Russia and the third was barely to be found. Historical study shows that the rope-form land system has its origin in the agrarian reform in the 16-17th century-introduction of 'Hufeverfassung' and 'Vorwerke' (wloczny system and folwark, i.e. farm based on forced labour)-and was distinguishable from the first by historical development. In the second place, we shall give an analysis of land holding of the peasantry and 'folwarki'. It can be safely said that in Lithuania and especially in Samogitia (Kowno) a high percentage of the peasants held about one 'Hufe' (wloka), or approximately 24 ha, but that in White Russian and Ukrainean regions the percentage of the households which held a half 'Hufe' or under it was overwhelmingly large. In addition it must be noted here that the regions here considererd were different in class relation: in Lithuania and Samogitia (Kowno, Augustow, part of Wilno and Infland districts of Vitebsk) many of the rural population belonged to farm workers but in the other regions there were very few of them. All of them were not 'folwark' workers. We must admit that part of them were employed in the peasants' households. This is comprehensive if we know that 'folwarki' could do without constant workers under the condition of forced labour except in Kowno, Augustow etc. We shall finally consider to what degree capitalist production of agriculture had developed by the emancipation in 1964. In conclusion we can say that the 'Prussian model' of agricultural development was typical of Lithuania but that the other regions were at intermediate stages between Lithuania and Central Russia.